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Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

CONTENTS.   'VII

TAGE.

CHAPTER III. THE SUCCESSIVE CULTURES AT ANAU.—Continued. Chronology.—Continued.

Average of these rates in city of Anau 2.5 feet per century    55

Culture-strata of the kurgans much more compacted and rate cf grcwth taken at 2 feet

per century    55

Results of author's study of rates of growth of village mounds at Egyptian temples show in the six cases studied rates ranging from 1.35 to 1.9 feet, an average of x.66

feet per century    55-56

Estimated dating of the different cultures at Anau    57

Cycles    57-62

Cyclical character of the aggradings and cuttings-down    57

Reasons for ascribing them to climatic changes rather than to orogenic movements    57

Geological evidence from Ghiaur Kala confirmatory of historical evidence    58

Parallelism with rise and decay of civilizations and with biological changes    58

Cycles of 3,000 to 4,000 years    59

The graphic representation on plate 5    59

Relation of cycles to the successive civilizations of the North and South Kurgans    6o

Relation of cycles to Anau city .    6x

The 2,200-foot Askhabad well possibly a time scale in glacial geology    62

CHAPTER IV. HYPOTHESIS OF THE OASIS-WORLD    63-66

The two earliest civilizations, I and II, distinguished by complete absence of axes, spear-

points, and arrow-heads    63

This indicates absolute isolation from Europe and Africa since a time earlier than the

invention of these implements    63

Therefore Anau Cultures I and II wholly native to the region of inner-continental isolation   63

This isolation must date from one of the stages of the Glacial period    63

The post-glacial progressive trend towards aridity caused segregation of peoples, first into

larger groups and later into smaller ones on isolated oases or in high moun-

tain valleys, causing differentiation in evolution of social organization and

culture    64

The earliest culture at Anau presupposes a long-continued previous evolution    64

Cultures I and II show inheritance from a still earlier stage common to both, knowing

town life and cultivation of wheat and barley    64-65

People of Culture III (South Kurgan) were related to those of I and II, but they show, in stone arrow-points and objects of foreign cults, influence of cultures from

without the sphere of isolation    65

No evidence of Mediterranean influence    65

Evidence of a regionally widespread autochthonous culture-evolution    65

The gradual shrinkage of habitable areas and disappearance of herds of wild animals; mankind concentrated on oases necessarily begins the evolution of agri-

culture    65

Growing need leads to beginning of irrigation, to broader development of agriculture and conquest of arid regions, rendering possible the centralized, imperial civili-

zations of Elam and Babylonia    66

The fundamental essentials of civilization that were native to the sphere of isolation were agriculture, domestication of animals, use of copper and lead, the arts

of spinning and of painting on pottery    66

The intervention of the Glacial period and its reaction on inner-continental conditions were the initial, conditioning factors in the evolution of the intellectual

and social life of man    66

CHAPTER V. THE MIGRATIONS    67-75

Since cultivation of cereals began long before 8000 B. C. (before founding of North Kurgan), and since domestication of animals was accomplished successively between 8000 and 6800 B. c., that is, after the founding of North Kurgan, it follows—

1. that the agricultural stage preceded the nomadic shepherd stage in Asia    67

2. that before domestication of animals, mankind in Central Asia was sharply divided into settled agriculturists on oases, and hunters wandering within a limited

range    67