国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

SECOND CIVILIZATION-A NEOLITHIC.   43

This people had many points in common with their predecessors. They, too, buried children in the houses in the same contracted position ; they continued the breeding of the same domestic animals; they used the same kinds of flint implements, including those resembling the elements of Egyptian sickles. They, too, made pottery by hand and painted it, but the workmanship and the whole grammar of ornament were entirely different, as Dr. Schmidt shows in his careful analysis, and as the reader may observe by comparing the figures on the respective plates. Dr. Schmidt shows also that their pottery was not only wholly new in technique but was distinctly more highly developed in these directions. I think there can be little doubt that the points of resemblance indicate a culturally related people.

But in addition to a new pottery, they brought with them that which marks everywhere the overwhelming change from the stone age to the age of metals—the greater knowledge of the use of copper, although the few small objects of copper in the upper layers of the lower culture show already a slight but prophetic acquaintance with the new metal. The analyses of these objects show no tin. Among the objects of copper found in the layers of the newer culture was a dagger which, if it belonged originally at the level at which it was found, was as prophetic in its way as was the metal of which it was made. It was taken, however, from the superficial earth and may have belonged to a period even later than that of the end of culture II. While in the earlier culture we found no weapons except mace-heads, the people of this second period used both the mace and well-formed slingstones.

To the animals that had been locally domesticated by the people of the earlier culture, they added the shepherd's dog and the goat ; and, most important of all, the camel. If the horse was prophetic of raids and conquests, the camel was of even greater importance in that it rendered possible untrammeled intercourse with lands beyond the deserts. During this culture there appears a smaller domestic bovine, and to the second form of domesticated sheep, the " turbary " of the first period, there is added another—the hornless—variety which seems to supplant the older form. This culture period ended during a time of aridity.

CULTURE III.-ANAU SOUTH KURGAN.

No incrusted ware.   They had the potters' wheel.

No glazed or enameled ware.   the potters' furnace.

No glazed beads.   some incised ornament, on pottery and

Absence of characteristic western   stone.

forms in pottery.   some inferior painting on pottery.

No celts of stone or metal.   copper with sporadic appearance of low

percentage of tin.

No iron.   daggers, sickles, lance-heads, and arrow-

points of copper without tin.

No burnt bricks.   intentional alloying with lead.

arrow-points of stone and obsidian.

No tin used to harden cutting im-   houses of sun-dried bricks.

plenients of copper.   pivotal door-stones.

burial of children under floors, in con-

tracted position lying on the side. terra-cotta cult-figurines of goddess and

of bull or cow.