CONCLUDING REMARKS. 183
. which, according to the newest chronological determination, would indicate the nineteenth century B. C. It is, however, improbable that the stone arrived in so distant a locality at the same time that analogous types came into use. Its importation into Central Asia presupposes a flourishing epoch of culture III ; on the other hand, it may have been in use a long time here before it became buried in the strata of this culture. Thus the possibilities vary and with them the chronological determination ; but we need not seek much later than the middle of the II millennium B. C. to find the latest date of the continuance of its use.
In dating the youngest culture (IV) there is to be considered an implement which was certainly imported—the three-edged arrow-point of copper (fig. 288) . Objections might be raised to the use of this in dating an entire culture, inasmuch as two bronze arrow-heads of the same type were also found on the acropolis of Ghiaur Kala (plate 51, figs. 6 and 7). Here, however, the surroundings in which they were found are entirely different and contradict in themselves the possibility of the arrow-points being contemporaneous ; otherwise one would be forced to the assumption that the three-edged bronze arrow-heads had remained in use in those distant regions until the middle of the first century A. D., which seems impossible. The circumstances are different in Anau. Here the bronze arrow-heads do not in any way fall outside of the framework of the youngest culture (IV).
A typological study of the three-edged arrow-points of bronze would be a useful and praiseworthy undertaking; but I must confine myself here to a determination of the principal points in regard to their form, distribution, and chronology. The three-edged arrow-points of bronze belong in the series of arrow types which
were published by P. Reinecke as Scythian (Arch. Ertesito, XVII, 1887, pp. 18 ff., •
figs. 6 and I I). They might be more properly termed Grco-Scythian, unless one preferred to call them Southeast European, from the region in which they originated. From there they spread in a westerly direction to Central Europe, eastward to Central Asia, and in northern and northeastern directions to Siberia. As regards their form, essentially two types can be distinguished. The first has a hole through the heart of the arrow-head to receive the end of the shaft; the second type has a shaft-socket. The variations in the two types arise from the varied conformation of the surfaces of the sides; of the edges, which change to more or less broad wings, and of the three lower corners, which are either truncated or drawn out to form shorter or longer spines. These last represent the dangerous barbs on arrow-points. In exceptional cases there is found on specimens of the second type a special spine or barb set upon the socket and directed downwards, such as occurs often on two-winged arrow-points. When a three-edged arrow-point has a shaft spine, it has this barb in common with the two-winged type. Our arrow-point of Anau represents the first type, with truncated lower corners, and has the compact form of a bolt. This is probably the earliest.
The principal localities are the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the inland part of Southern Russia. Here the three-edged arrow-heads belong among the customary burial gifts in the so-called Scythian kurgan graves of the fourth century B. C. In the celebrated kurgan of Koul-Oba there were found more than
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