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| 0124 |
Notes on Marco Polo : vol.1 |
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**83. BUCARA**
*bacarch* VB *bochora* LT, P, VA *buccara* L
*bacchara* TAᵃ *bochora* VL *buchara* V
*bocara* FA, FB; R *bothara* Pˢ *bucharra* Z
*boccara* F *bucara* F, Fr, *t*
This is of course Bokhara. On بخارا Buḫārā, cf. the excellent notice by BARTHOLD in *El*, *s. v.* «Buḫārā»; also *LS*, 460-463; *Mi.* 352 (and Index, 487). The modern Türkmān form is Buhára.
The name has been supposed to come from a form *Buḫār, which would be derived from Skr. *vihāra*, «[Buddhist] monastery», and which occurs as *buqar* in Uighur and Mongolian, though the Sogdian form, which is the one one should expect to be used at Bokhara, was *varḫār* (the derivation of *varḫār* from *vihāra*, which had been abandoned, is again maintained by HENNING in *BSOS*, ix, 570). *Vihāra* :> *buqar* is of the same type as *viṣaṇa* :> *bušan*, Śrīvijaya :> Šribujai, etc. I must add, however, that early Uighur texts only know *vrḫār* and *viḫār*; *buqar*, in a Uighur vocabulary of the Ming period (not «Puyar» as in RADLOV, iv, 1362), may be simply borrowed from the Mongolian. The word *vihāra* occurs mainly in Iranian countries in the term نوبهار Naubihār or Nōbihār (≤*Navavihāra, «New Monastery»), which was later read Nōbahār and interpreted as meaning «New Spring» or simply «Spring». The most famous Naubihār was the one at Balkh which Hsüan-tsang, *c.* 630, calls Navasaṅghārama, «New Monastery»; but there were a number of other Naubihār in Sind, at Samarkand, at Bokhara, and even at Ray (east of Teheran). I must confess that I do not see why we have only «New» monasteries in Iran; on them, cf. Stan. JULIEN, *Vie de Hsüan-tsang*, 65; *Mém.*, i, 30; BARBIER DE MEYNARD, *Dict. géogr.*, 112, 569; YULE, *Hobson-Jobson*², 630, 967; ELLIOT, *Hist. of India*, i, 149, 195; MARQUART, *Ērānšahr*, 69, 91, 138; BARTHOLD, *Turkestan*², 77, 85, 86, 102; *Mi*, 108, 337. On the whole, it has not been proved that Bokhara had anything to do with *vihāra*.
Bokhara occurs first in Chinese texts in the 5th cent. as 忸蜜 Niu-mi (*Ṇjau-mjět), a regular transcription of its ancient name Nūmij, Nūmij-kāṯ (*Wei shu*, 102, 5*b*). When the name of the town of Bokhara makes its appearance, it has from the start the same form Buḫārā both in Arabic and Persian texts. In the 8th cent., the Turkish runic inscriptions of the Orkhon write Buqaraq (with an ancient Iranian final -*k* or -*g*), but curiously enough, Hsüan-tsang and the other Chinese sources of the 7th-10th cents. give transcriptions which are based only on *Buḫār, and this is also the form supposed by other transcriptions in the Mongol and even in the Ming periods. So we have 捕喝 Pu-ho (*B'uo-γāt) in Hsüan-tsang (JULIEN, *Vie*, 61; *Mém.*, i, 21); 布豁 Pu-huo (*Puo-χuāt, *Puḫwar?; cf. *BSOS*, ix, 549) and 捕喝 Pu-ho (the latter form is clearly taken from Hsüan-tsang) in *Hsin T'ang shu*, 221 B, 1*b* (cf. CHAVANNES, *Doc. sur les Tou-kiue*, 136, 355; the «Pu-hwat-lu [= Buxār?]» of MARQUART, *Ērānšahr*, 309, does not exist);
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