covered with patches of vegetation. At the foot of the rocks there is a road, and it is not necessary to leave the very shore line even once between Chiu and
Tugu. This may be otherwise now, after the last few years' rise of the lake. Muddy lagoons surrounded with treacherous ground follow the shore as before. Inside the lagoons the gravel wall continues, sometimes less developed than usual. At one place it was 3.95 m. high above the lake. The rocks dip as a rule to the south and S.W. Round Camp 214 sandstone and conglomerate predominate. Some distance farther north the sandstone stands in 32° S. 20° W. Still farther north limestone appears in 48° S. 20° W. Then follows schist and a rock resembling breccia in the same dip and fall as before. A vein of quartz further north had 44C S. There again limestone in 35° S. 1 o° W., and farther on the same in 54° S. A red promontory not far south of the bay of Chiu consists of quartzite in 54° S. 40° w. Amongst the detritus at the foot of this promontory appeared also limestone and quartzite. Finally sandstone appeared again.
Chiu-gompa stands on a little rock at the northern bank of the channel. This rock consists of quartz situated 26° N. 70° E. and 19° S. 6o° E. 'fhe north-western saddle of the rock consists of crystalline limestone, standing vertical and stretching S. 6o° E. to N. 6o° W. Near the bridge a fine, hard conglomerate lies nearly horizontally, forming flakes, tables and terraces. At some places great blocks of the conglomerate have fallen clown and make it rather difficult to pass at the foot along these hills. A short distance below the bridge the conglomerate comes to an end at the northern bank and no more solid rocks appear on the way to the Rakastal along the channel. There are only rolling, low hills, though the fluviatile terraces of the channel are still visible and well developed some distance down to the west. At the left or southern side of the channel the conglomerate continues some distance farther down, projecting small, low promontories towards the channel.
At the first view of the springs below the rock of Chiu one sees that they have nothing whatever to do with the lake, for they are situated about 1 m. above its surface. Between this place and the bridge some hot springs appear from below the conglomerate on the northern bank, and some others seem to come up in the bottom of the channel, which is here filled with stagnant pools very rich in vegetation of algae. These pools or basins are largest a little below the bridge. Only at narrow places between different pools one can see a very slow current. The water-course continues, however, some distance down the channel. During the winter, when this water freezes and the springs continually pour down water, the channel appears to be quite a big, frozen water-course, although all this water comes from springs and not at all from the Manasarovar. This may have changed during very recent years, when the effluent from the Manasarovar may have continued to flow even during a part of the winter and thus filled the channel with ice formed of Manasarovar water. Ryder says in 1904, that every summer, from June to September, some
water streamed through the channel. If that be true the effluent had subsided
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