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| 0569 |
Innermost Asia : vol.1 |
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Before proceeding to describe the remains outside the town, reference must be made to the Stūpas on
group of four Stūpas built on the top of the walls in the north-western corner. As appears from top of town
the photographs in Figs. 241, 248, one of these Stūpas, which rises above the corner bastion, is wall.
still almost intact and forms a very conspicuous object in the general view of the ruined town.
From the plan and elevation in Pl. 19 it will be seen that this Stūpa stands on a podium 18 feet
square, and including it rises to a height of close on 30 feet in its present state. The crowning member
which, as the still extant central pole indicates, must once have risen above the thirteen Chattras
of the Tee, has fallen. The portion corresponding to the hemispherical dome of the original Stūpa
form is reduced here, as in the smaller Stūpas outside the walls, to a bulb shape disproportionately
low, thus giving to the whole structure a somewhat dumpy appearance distinctly reminiscent of
Stūpa forms now common in Tibet. The whole is built of bricks set on edge, as are all the Stūpas
of the site, and still retains a good deal of its thick white plastering.
While this corner Stūpa has escaped with comparatively little damage, another standing farther
south has been completely destroyed except for its threefold base or podium. The same fate has
overtaken two small Stūpas, seen in the plan, Pl. 18, flanking the head of the terrace on the north
wall over which led the approach to the corner Stūpa.
Judging from the condition of the miniature votive Stūpas in clay which lay in masses among Miniature
the debris around the bases of the wrecked Stūpas, it would appear that the work of destruction was votive
here of recent date. As shown by corresponding observations at all Stūpas outside the walls, these Stūpas.
little model Stūpas had been originally packed by the hundreds within the hollow drum resting
on the top of the Stūpa base and also around the wooden shaft passing through the bulb portion of
the Stūpa proper. I had found exactly corresponding deposits at the Stūpas of the So-yang-ch'êng
site where burrowing had taken place.¹⁰
Specimens of these votive model Stūpas taken from different Stūpas of Khara-khoto are Types of
described in the List below under K.K. 090–101. They were everywhere produced from the same votive
moulds, two types being distinguishable among these. In one type which is represented also by Stūpas.
K.K. i. 0225 (Pl. LIII), the base or podium reproduces almost exactly the elaborate arrangement
of the Rawak Stūpa base with its projecting plinth and flights of steps. In the other type a conical
base, with four tiers of miniature Stūpas of similar shape shown close together in relief, takes the
place of the above-described base. Both types are found, in sizes practically the same, also among
the miniature Stūpas of So-yang-ch'êng, a fact that points strongly to contemporary occupation
of the two sites. In both types the shape of the Stūpa dome and base differs strikingly from that
shown by the actual Stūpas of the two sites, being evidently derived from a much more ancient
model to which conservative tradition adhered in the case of votive offerings, while actual archi-
tectural practice had departed from it long before. The procedure of packing the interior of Stūpas
with masses of such miniature models may well have been meant to symbolize in a modest—and
cheap—fashion the ancient Buddhist custom, so well attested in India, of depositing under Stūpas
built by royal patrons, &c., a multitude of sacred relics collected from earlier Stūpas.
Section III.—REMAINS OUTSIDE KHARA-KHOTO
Our survey of the ruins examined outside the town walls may well start with the group of Ruined
Stūpas which, as seen in Fig. 241, stood close to the north-western corner. They had all been badly Stūpas
damaged by burrowing, apparently long ago. In shape and manner of construction they resembled outside
very closely those on the town wall. The northernmost and largest, though completely laid open NW. corner.
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