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| 0672 |
Innermost Asia : vol.1 |
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barbarians, kept the new road well away from Hāmi and carried it through waterless desert wastes,
which at least offered protection from those dreaded nomadic foes.
Barkul
during
Later Han
period. China's political control over the 'Western Regions' had completely ceased for over sixty
years when, apparently through a weakening of Hun power, the Emperor Ming of the Later Han
dynasty was enabled in A.D. 73 to start those operations which, mainly through the efforts of the
famous general Pan Ch'ao, brought the Tārim basin and the adjoining territories again under
Chinese domination. This time it was from the side of Hāmi and the easternmost T'ien-shan that
the Chinese advance took place, and to this fact we owe the comparative abundance of references
in the Later Han Annals to the region of Barkul and the historical events that it witnessed. These
data are supplemented by an interesting Chinese inscription of A.D. 137 preserved near the town
of Barkul, and its publication in M. Chavannes' masterly treatise Dix inscriptions chinoises de
l'Asie Centrale ³ has given that great scholar occasion to collect in the same place a number of
Chinese records that throw light on the role played by Barkul during the second epoch of China's
Central-Asian expansion.
Huns of
'White
Mountains'. The importance of this role is brought out in a striking fashion by the account of the imperial
deliberations in A.D. 72 which preceded the start of that renewed expansion.⁴ We are told in it
that one of the military leaders who subsequently were entrusted with the initial enterprise urged
the following view: 'It is necessary first to attack the tribes of the Po-shan 白山 (the 'White
Mountains') and to secure I-wu 伊吾 (Hāmi) . . . At I-wu there is the tribe Hu-yen 呼衍
which is in the south of the Hsiung-nu; to destroy it will mean to break the left (eastern) horn
[of the Hsiung-nu]. After that it will be possible to attack the Hsiung-nu.' The term 'White
Mountains', as a modern Chinese text quoted by M. Chavannes points out, was used in Han times
for the designation of the snowy range south of Barkul. But we can scarcely go wrong in assuming
that it extended also to the immediately adjoining Karlik-tāgh.
Chinese
advance
upon Hāmi
in A.D. 73. The account given of the operations actually carried out in A.D. 73 directly takes us to the
eastern extremity of the T'ien-shan.⁵ We are told in the Later Han Annals that they were under-
taken against the Northern Huns by three separate forces starting from Chiu-ch'üan 酒泉 or
Su-chou, Chü-yen 居延 which is said to be situated near the termination of the Etsin-gol, and
from P'ing-ch'êng 平城, near Ta-t'ung fu in Shan-hsi. Leaving aside the last column, which
was manifestly intended to threaten the Northern Huns in their main seats on the Altai, it is clear
that the other two must have been operating towards the Kārlik-tāgh from the south-east and east
across the Pei-shan. The force operating from the side of Su-chou reached the T'ien-shan, defeated
the Hu-yen king with great slaughter and put him to flight as far as the lake P'u-lei 蒲類, or
the lake Barkul. The victory was gained under the leadership of Pan Ch'ao and first brought
distinction to this great commander. A garrison was then left in the town of I-wu or Hāmi. In the
following year, A.D. 74, Chinese forces, moving out 'from the K'un-lun 崑崙 barrier of Tun-
huang,⁶ attacked and defeated the barbarians of the White Mountains on the shores of the lake
P'u-lei'. The advance was continued to Chiu-shih 車師, i.e. the territory comprising both
Turfān and the tract about the present Guchen to the north of it, and a 'Protector of the Western
Countries' was installed there.
Huns of
Barkul
defeated. It is clear from the notices here summarized that the Chinese forces intended to re-establish
imperial control in the 'Western Countries' had first to defeat the Huns established in the eastern
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684
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