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| 0673 |
Innermost Asia : vol.1 |
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extremity of the T'ien-shan and particularly in the big valley of Barkul, before they could secure
a safe bridge-head at Hāmi for the shortest and easiest route across the Pei-shan desert from the side
of Tun-huang. Thus the opening of the route which to the present day has remained the main line
of communication between China and Central Asia became possible only after the Hun tribe
holding the Barkul valley had been signally defeated and the Hāmi oasis wrested from their domina-
tion. Of the name Hu-yen 呼 衍 M. Chavannes has shown that it was borne by one of the great
clans of the Hsiung-nu or Huns, which is already mentioned by Ssŭ-ma Ch'ien as amongst the
noblest of the nation.⁷ If we find just this clan established on the easternmost T'ien-shan, we may
perhaps see herein a sign that the great natural advantages which the valleys of Barkul and Tur-köl
offered for nomadic life were then duly appreciated.
That the Chinese victories of A. D. 73–4 did not finally oust this powerful Hun tribe from the Subsequent
region of Barkul is abundantly proved by the records contained in the Later Han Annals of subse- struggles
quent struggles for Hāmi. As early as in A. D. 77 the Chinese withdrew from the oasis, which again for Hāmi.
fell under Hun domination. Not until a great defeat had been inflicted upon the Huns elsewhere
was Hāmi reoccupied by Chinese troops in A. D. 90.⁸ The fruits of the great work accomplished
by Pan Ch'ao, who in the same year had assured the submission of the whole of the 'Western
Countries', were completely lost by A. D. 107, when the conquered territories were once again
abandoned to the Huns. A renewed attempt in A. D. 119 to hold Hāmi ended with the destruction
of the Chinese force sent there, and the Hsiung-nu, from their convenient base on the easternmost
T'ien-shan, were again free to ravage the westernmost marches of Kan-su.⁹
A vivid picture of the situation that resulted is conveyed by the memorial addressed in A. D. 123 Operations
by Chang Tang, Governor of Tun-huang, to the Throne, and reproduced by the Hou Han shu.¹⁰ of Pan
'Considering that among the barbarians of the North the Hu-yen king is constantly on the move Yung.
here and there between the lake P'u-lei (Lake Barkul) and the lake Ts'in 秦 ; that he imposes
his law upon the Western Countries and joins them to ravage and to plunder', he urges as the
best plan the assembling at the K'un-lun barrier of a force of over two thousand men drawn from
the command of Chiu-ch'üan. 'Then one will attack the Hu-yen king and separate him from what
to him is like his root.' This report is of special interest because it definitely indicates the valleys
of Barkul and Tur-köl as the chief haunt of the Hun chief whose activity was particularly felt on
the Tun-huang border ; for there can, I believe, be little doubt that Dr. Hermann is right in
identifying the 'lake Ts'in' with the Tur-köl, the only lake in the area, other than the lake of Barkul,
to which reference can reasonably be intended in such a connexion.¹¹ Considering the comparatively
small force proposed for this expedition, it is clear that its objective could not have been at a very
great distance from Tun-huang. The plan recommended as the best by Chang Tang was not
adopted by the Emperor. But instead, Pan Yung, the son of Pan Ch'ao, was in A. D. 123 sent to
establish a Chinese military colony at Luchun in the Turfān basin. Thence he succeeded in A. D.
126 in defeating the 'Hu-yen king of the Hsiung-nu' and in securing for a time for 'the six king-
doms of Chü-shih 車 師' freedom from Hun inroads.¹²
There is reason to believe that the territories designated by this term included the Barkul The 'six
basin. I shall have to refer to others among them in connexion with the ground that we traversed kingdoms
farther west. We may therefore conveniently consider here the brief notice that the account of of Chü-shih'.
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