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CHAP. V.   THE COUNTRY CALLED CHAMBA

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Arabic Alphabet) of Sanf or Chanf: Indeed it is highly probable that the Záj3a or Zá(3ac of Ptolemy's itinerary of the sea-route to the Sinae represents this same name.

[" It is true," Sir Henry Yule wrote since (1882), " that Champa, as known in later days, lay to the east of the Mekong delta, whilst Zabai of the Greeks lay to the west of that and of the µrya aKporlipcov—the Great Cape, or C. Cambodia of our maps. Crawfurd (Desc. Ind. Arch. p. So) seems to say that the Malays include under the name Champa the whole of what we call Kamboja. This may possibly be a slip. But it is certain, as we shall see presently, that the Arab Sanf--which is unquestionably Champa—also lay west of the Cape, i.e. within the Gulf of Siam. The fact is that the Indo-Chinese kingdoms have gone through unceasing and enormous vicissitudes, and in early days Champa must have been extensive and powerful, for in the travels of Hiuen Tsang (about A.D. 629) it is called 11lah'z-Champa. And my late friend Lieutenant Garnier, who gave great attention to these questions, has deduced from such data as exist in Chinese Annals and elsewhere, that the ancient kingdom which the Chinese describe under the name of Eu-nan, as extending over the whole peninsula east of the Gulf of Siam, was a kingdom of the Tsiam or Champa race. The locality of the ancient port of Zabai or Champa is probably to be sought on the west coast of Kamboja, near the Campot, or the Kang-kao of our maps. On this coast also was the /.Comdr and Kan rah of Ibn Batuta and other Arab writers, the great source of aloes-wood, the country then of the Khmer or Kambojan People." (Notes on the Oldest Records of the Sea-Route to China from Western Asia, Proc. E. G. S. 1882, pp. 656-657.)

M. Barth says that this identification would agree well with the testimony of his inscription XVIII. B., which comes from Angkor and for which Ca»zpű is a part of the Dakslzināpatlza, of the southern country. But the capital of this rival State of Kamboja would thus be very near the Tre'ang province where inscriptions have been found with the names of Blzavavarinan and of Içānavarman. It is true that in 627, the King of Kamboja, according to the Chinese Annals (Noun. Mél. As. I. p. 84), had subjugated the kingdom of Fu-nan identified by Yule and Garnier with Canzpā. Abel Rémusat (Nouv. Ma. As. I. pp. 75 and 77) identifies it with Tong-king and Stan. Julien (7. As. 4e Sér. X. p. 97) with Siam. (Inscrip. Sanscrites du Cambodge, 1885, pp. 69-7o, note.)

Sir Henry Yule writes (l.c. p. 657) : " We have said that the Arab Sanf, as well as the Greek Zabai, lay west of Cape Cambodia. This is proved by the statement that the Arabs on their voyage to China made a ten days' run from Sanf to Pulo Condor." But Abulfeda (transi. by Guyard, II. ii. p. 127) distinctly says that the Komār Peninsula (Khmer) is situated west of the Sanf Peninsula ; between Sanf and Komār there is not a day's journey by sea.

We have, however, another difficulty to overcome.

I agree with Sir Henry Yule and Marsden that in ch. vii. infra, p. 276, the text must be read, "When you leave Chamba," instead of " When you leave Java." Coming from Zayton and sailing 1500 miles, Polo arrives at Chamba ; from Chamba, sailing 700 miles he arrives at the islands of Sondur and Condur, identified by Yule with Sundar Fúlát (Pulo Condore) ; from Sundar Fúlát, after 500 miles more, he findi the country called Locac ; then he goes to Pentam (Bintang, 500 miles), Malaiur, and Java the Less (Sumatra). Ibn Khordâdhbeh's itinerary agrees pretty well with Marco Polo's, as Professor De Goeje remarks to me : "Starting from Mâit (Bintang), and leaving on the left Tiyuma (Timoan), in five days' journey, one goes to Kimér (Kmer, Cambodia), and after three days more, following the coast, arrives to Sanf ; then to Lukyn, the first point of call in China, loo parasangs by land or by sea ; from Lukyn it takes four days by sea and twenty by land to go to Kanfu." [Canton, see note, supra p. 199.] (See De Goeje's Ibn Klzorda2dhbelz, p. 48 et seq.) But we come now to the difficulty. Professor De Goeje writes to me : " It is strange that in the Relation des Voyages of Reinaud, p. 20 of the text, reproduced by Ibn al Fakîh, p. 12 seq., Sundar Fúlát (Pulo Condore) is placed between Sanf and the China Sea (Sa;zdiy) ; it takes ten days to go from Sanf to Sundar Fúlát, and then a month (seven days of which between

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