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| 0282 |
Innermost Asia : vol.2 |
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the small colony of Öch-toghrak occupied by Bugur cultivators and receiving water from the same
channel still farther away to the south. The above observations and the information I obtained
at Bugur suggested that cultivation could even now be considerably extended to the south if over-
irrigation from the supply of ak-su were prevented and adequate drainage below Bugur-bāzār
provided. At the same time the moisture which the soil all over this area receives from the overflow
of canals and through periodical inundations from the Kök-chöl marshes might explain why ancient
occupation, if it extended so far, has here left no remains above ground. Conditions here, as well
as below Kuchā, were altogether different from those to be found along the southern edge of the
Taklamakān.
Identifica- It appears desirable to record here in some detail such data as I was able to gather, on a
tion of Lun- necessarily rapid passage, with regard to present conditions and natural resources in these three
t'ai and
Ch'ü-li. oases of Chādir, Yangi-hissār, and Bugur, because a comparison of them may help us to arrive
at some reasoned conclusion on a question of historical topography—I refer to the location of the
ancient territories that the Han Annals mention by the names of Lun-t'ai and Wu-lei. Lun-t'ai
輪 臺, which modern Chinese scholars identify with Bugur, lies not in the special
notices which the 'Notes on the Western Regions', in Book xcvi of the Former Han Annals,
devote to different territories of the Tārīm basin and adjoining parts; but it is mentioned there
several times in connexion with the earliest phases of Chinese political expansion into that region.
In a passage to which I have repeatedly had occasion to refer before, we are told that immediately
after Li Kuang-li's successful campaign against Farghāna (101 b. c.) 'military posts were estab-
lished from place to place from Tun-huang westwards to the Salt Marsh; there were besides in
the region of Lun-t'ai and Ch'ü-li several hundreds of military colonists; an imperial commissioner
was placed [there] to direct [these men] and to protect [their cultivation] in order to meet the needs
of envoys sent to the foreign countries'.⁵ Ch'ü-li 渠 黎 receives a separate notice in Book xcvi
of the Ch'ien Han shu, and the indications there furnished have enabled me to demonstrate, as
I believe conclusively, that Ch'ü-li must be identified with the area comprising the riverine tracts
between the Inchike and Yārkand rivers from below Shahyār to the Konche-daryā.⁶
Notice of We hear of Lun-t'ai again in the notice in the Ch'ien Han shu on Ch'ü-li where a memorial
Ch'ü-li in
Former Han addressed to the Emperor Wu-ti about the year 90 b. c. is reproduced:⁷ 'From ancient Lun-t'ai
Annals.
eastward, Chieh-chih and Ch'ü-li are both ancient States. The land is broad and fertile, and water
and herbage are everywhere plentiful. There are about 800 acres of arable land. The climate
is genial, the soil is excellent, and might be improved by drains and watercourses.' After referring
to the means by which a sufficient supply of food-stuffs could be secured to meet Chinese require-
ments, it is suggested 'that military colonies might be placed at ancient Lun-t'ai and eastward,
and three Deputy Protectors be appointed, to divide the defence of the country between them'.
Among the useful results likely to result from this proposal it is mentioned that among the indigenous
people those apparently leading a semi-nomadic life 'would tend towards the cultivated fields;
and following their original vocation of rearing cattle, they would also clear the irrigated land'.
The rescript of the Emperor, also quoted at great length in the same notice, negatived this request
'for troops to be sent to cultivate Lun-t'ai' on grounds clearly indicating a reaction against the
'forward policy' previously pursued by him at the cost of heavy sacrifices.⁸ We are told farther
on in the same notice that the proposal was subsequently taken up by the Emperor Chao-ti
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