国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

94   ANTIQUITIES OF INDIAN TIBET   [Vol,. II

still exist. Let me add that a certain Ra-la-jung (probably Ra-la-rdzoii, ` castle of Ra-la ') is marked on Montgommerie's map of the Western Himalayas, 1874-84. It is found between Trashisgang and Dakmaru, on the Indus. Dam-lag : in the upper Sutlej valley (map of Turkestan, 1882) I find the names Darn and Luk—could they have any connexion with the places referred to here ? Mar-yul and Maii-yul include Upper and Lower Ladakh, Nubra, Zaus-dkar, etc. Ni-zuiis is said to be in Pu-hraiis.

To these identifications I may add the following : Pu-hrafis (Bu-hraiis, Pu-rain) is a Tibetan province east of the Manasarovar Lake, and west of Blo-bo. The country is famous for its beautiful girls (cf. my article ` The Paladins of the Kesar-saga', JPASB., 1906, p. 262). The name Rtse-tho-rgya-ri is probably more correct than Rtse-so-rgya-ri, but I cannot yet identify it. Regarding the ` descendants of Gesar ' in Upper Ladakh, I am of opinion that a certain dynasty of chiefs may have accepted the name of the mythological king Kesar (Cesar) as their dynastical name. Thus we learn from inscriptions at Khalatse that one of the chiefs of that town called himself Rgya-byin (Indra) ; Rgya-byin is Gesar's father according to the mythology of the Kesar-sagaThe name Khrom-Ge-sar-Hdan-ma (Gesar's court, H dan-ma), which is found in the second chapter of the Rgyal-rabs, may refer to Upper Ladakh at a time previous to Ni-ma-mgon's arrival. In a rather modern inscription at Dpe-thub Ladakh is called Ge-sar-gdan.

His three sons were, Lha-chers-Dpal-gyi-mgon (c. 930-60 A.D.) ; Bkra-sis-mgon, the middle one ; and Lde-gtsug-nngon, the youngest, these three. He gave to each of these three sons a separate kingdom, viz. to the eldest, Dpal-gyi-mgon, Mar-yul of Mi ah-ris, the inhabitants using black bows ; Ru-thogs of the east and the gold-mine of Hgog ; nearer this way Lde-inchog-dkar-po ; at the frontier Ra-ba-dmar-po ; Wain-le, to the top of the-pass of the Yi-mig rock (L MS. : Gyag-lder) ; (A MS.) to the west to the foot of the Kashmir pass, from the cavernous stone upwards hither ; to the north to the gold-mine of Hgog (L MS. : of Mgon-po) ; all the places belonging to Rgya. Bkra-sis-mgon, the second, he made ruler over Gu-ge with Pu-hrans, Rtse, etc. Lde-gtsug-mgon, the youngest, he made ruler over Zans-dkar-sgo-glum ; with Spi-ti, Spi-lcog's, etc.

NOTES

According to the Dpag-bsam-ljon-bzan (p. 152) the names of the three brothers are Dpal-lderig-pa-mgon, Bkra-sis-lde-mgon, and Lde-btsun-mgon, and they are there stated to have reigned over the following countries :—the eldest over Maii-yul, the second over Spu-rams, and the third over Zai -zuii-Gu-ge. According to Ssanang-Ssetsen the names of the three brothers were : Tsoktu-Itegel, Oldshei-Itegel, and Oroin-Itegel. They are said to have gone to Nari and to have become the forefathers of the royal family of Kugi (Gu-ge). Dpal-gyi-mgon is the last West Tibetan king whose name is mentioned in Central Tibetan and Mongolian historical works. I believe that Bkra-sis-mgon died without issue, and that his kingdom was inherited by the descendants of Lde-gtsug-mgon. At any rate, we find Lde-gtsug-mgon's descendants in possession of Gu-ge a few years later. Their names are found in Schlagintweit's tables, in Central Tibetan and in Mongolian historical works. See also Minor Chronicles.

Geography.—The following place-names have already been identified by Dr. K. Marx (Hgog not known) :Lde-mchog-dkar-po is the Demchog of the maps, south of Ru-thogs, near the frontier, and on the River Indus. Wam-le, the same as Hanle, famous for its magnificent lamasery of the seventeenth century ; Yi-mig is the Imis Pass of the maps ; the Hanle stream has its source at the foot of this pass ; the Kashmir Pass is the Zoji Pass, above the village of Dras. Zaus-dkar-sgo-gsum : sgo-gsum, ` the three doors,' may refer to the three valleys that join at the central part of Zaus-dkar. Spi-ti, a well-known Tibetan district within British territory south-east of Lahul ; ` as to Spi-lcogs, I would venture to suggest that Lahul may be meant by this term. This district would have well rounded off his dominions, and would have been the connecting link

between Zaiis-dkar and Spi-ti.'

To these I may add the following :—A well-known gold-field is the district of Thog-jalung, Thog-sarlang, etc. The name Hgog does not occur at all. But, if the original name was Hgrog, or Grog, the pronunciation