certainly or probably of igneous origin we find three rather well-marked groups. One, fine-grained, speckled, gneiss ....; secondly, crystalline schists, limestones and dolomites, doubtless metamorphosed sedimentaries .... ; and, thirdly a group of sedimentary rocks ... With these the peculiar felstones of the Golden Throne appear to be associated, and in one or two places the presence of somewhat altered fragmental rocks is suggested. It seems probable that the history of the Karakoram region is very similar to that of the Alps. First a great floor of crystalline rock, partly igneous partly metamorphic , in the more strict sense of the word, on which was laid down, possibly with interruptions and marked intervening disturbances and denudations, a series of sedimentary rocks. This ended; all were affected by a process of folding on a gigantic scale and upreared into a mountain mass, which has been carved by the usual agents of denudation into peaks and valleys far surpassing in wildness and grandeur even those of the Alps.
GODWIN-AUSTEN was the first scientifically trained scholar who approached the most inaccessible parts of the High Kara-korums with their gigantic glaciers. Sir MARTIN CONWAY opens the series of modern glaciologists who have, at the present date accomplished a splendid work in one of the most difficult fields of exploration in the world, where still so much is left to be done.'
I Instead of reproducing the glacial maps of every one of the explorers who have made ascents in the Kara-korums, I have preferred to publish a general map of the region in two sheets, drawn by Colonel H. Byström, and printed by Justus Perthes in Gotha. It is inserted in my atlas.
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