North of this is the great trough of the Yarkand River, bounded by the Kwen-lun mountains. »To the south are the flanking valleys of the Saltoro Husha, representing a minor trough; then the Shayok and the Indus, the upper portion of which from Skardo is in a line with the Shigar, Basha, and Chogo Longmo. These valleys correspond to recognizable mountain folds.»
Dr. Neve takes a section to the N. E. from a point 76° i o' E., 35° N., and finds that it first cuts the Ladak Range, then a lower range between the Shayok River and the Saltoro, after which comes a massif of granite mountains, through which the main streams cut their way in very deep narrow gorges. Formerly this range has been regarded as the water-parting of the Indus , although beyond it is situated the broad trough of the Siachen Glacier and then the great ridge with Teram Kangri; finally comes the basin of the Yarkand River. Therefore, on this line Neve recognizes four definite crustal folds emphasized by structural differences.
The northern-most of these is the true Kara-korum, and, correctly quoting my view, Neve makes it continue beyond the Kara-korum Pass far to the east into Tibet. Westwards from Teram Kangri it passes »Younghusband's Saddle» and Gasherbrum, between the Siachen Glacier and the upper part of the Oprang valley. Farther N. W. it proceeds to K 2 and the Mustagh Pass and continues between the Biafo and Hispar Glaciers to the south and the Shimshal to the north. Still farther on the snowy range continues to Yasin and finally sweeps around to the S. W.
Dr. Neve does not find it improbable that YOUNGHUSBAND'S Arghil Range may stand in a stratigraphical relation with the Shimshal-Mintaka section of the Northern Kara-korum. The central range of the Kara-korum is chiefly granite and was probably raised before the Northern Kara-korum, which is chiefly limestone. In the Changchenmo and Dapsang, LYDEKKER has a considerable area of carboniferous and Jurassic limestones. Neve supposes this is the same belt that can be traced across the head of the Remo Glacier to Teram Kangri. The expedition of the DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI showed that Gasherbrum and Hidden Peak are limestone. »There are then stratigraphical as well as orographical grounds for differentiating the northern Karakorum from the great central granite mass», which extends from the Saser Peaks to Hunza. »This great mass is of considerable width, as well as of great height.» The Saser group is so miles wide. About Nubra-Rgyong-Siachen the granite is 3o miles wide. The Masherbrum, after which BURRARD calls the central Kara-korum the Masherbrum Range, is also granite, 3o miles wide. This range is cut through by some of the great rivers. »At 78° 15' E. it is marked off by the sharp angle of the Shayok river, beyond which it may be traced to the north of the Pangory lake, where it becomes the Kailas range.»'
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