573 known, seems not to be pierced by a single river. But several northern tributaries to the Tsangpo take their origin from the southern side of the range, as the Tanakbo, the Shang-chu coming from Khalamba-la, the To-lung-chu, a tributary from the right to Ki-chu coming from the region of Goring-la, and finally all the different feeders of the Ki-chu itself, explored by Nain Sing and A — K—, and taking their origin from the highest parts of the Nien-chen-tang-la. Two of these feeders, one coming from the Baknak-la, 5438 m. high, and flowing to the N. E., and the other, Dam-chu, partly coming from Dam-largen-(or niargan-) la and flowing S. W., occupy a latitudinal valley between the Nien-chen-tang-la and a nameless range S. E. of it; a range that is pierced by the upper Ki - chu and its tributary Migi-chu, and seems to continue far away to the N. E. The continuation of the same range may be traced to the S.W. of Baknak-la where it is pierced by the Shang-chu, and farther W. S.W. by the Ta-nakbo. My pass La-rok, 444o m. high, is probably situated on this range which still farther west is pierced by the Rung-chu and probably also by the Mü-chu. A little branch from this range is pierced by Ta-nakbo, runs along the northern bank of the Tsangpo and comes to an end near Ye. East of it another range runs along the Tsangpo and is pierced by the Shang-chu. Farther east it is crossed by the To-lung-chu, runs just north of Lhasa between the Ki-chu and its right tributary Penyu-ne, is crossed by the Ki - chu and continues a considerable distance E. N. E. and N. E. North of the river Penyu - ne and occupying the space between it and the upper Ki-chu, there is another range, of course parallel with the rest of the Nien-chen-tang-la ranges. Finally we have a range south of Lhasa running along the northern bank of the Tsangpo and crossed in a transverse valley by the Ki-chu. This region has been scientifically explored and mapped by YOUNGHUSBAND's mission, 1903-1904. I have abstained from giving these ranges provisional significations, as I do not know the Eastern Transhimalaya by my own experience.
Such are the principal features of Central Transhimalaya as they are known at the present time. On my map of this vast region we now find a labyrinth of mountain ranges, lakes and rivers, and a great number of geographical names where the maps published by the Survey of India two or three years before my journey are absolutely blank. From his route north of Ngangtse-tso and Dangra-yum-tso, Nain Sing could see mountains to the south. These mountain ranges were entered on all maps for some 3o years. What they were like is seen on the accompanying map which I have reproduced as a specimen , Pl. LXXIII. It is Sheet No. 7 I of the map published by the Survey of India and called »India and Adjacent Countries.» We may take for granted that all material in existence was made use of for the compilation of this map. The ranges south of Nain Sing's lakes should be compared
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