the same warlike opinions, to which I was treated on several occasions during my journey in Chinese Turkestan. Here it is evident, however, in contrast to Kashgaria, that Russia has many partisans among people who keep up a connection with Russia, lived there or found it easier to bear the Russian régime than the Chinese during the years of occupation. Her antagonists, however, understand more clearly than the people in the south the injustice of the privileges enjoyed by Russian subjects and criticism goes more to the root of the matter. In Kashgaria the feeling of enmity was rather unconsciously sensed than based on facts. Complaints and arguments there are often so childish that you can scarcely understand them, unless you realise the inconceivably low stage of development of the population. Towards the end of the Russian occupation of the Ili district a large number of Chinese subjects, Tarantchis and Dungans, are said to have applied for Russian citizenship. Their applications were granted, but they were warned that when the Ili district was evacuated they would not have as much land in Russia as in Ili. The fear of Chinese vengeance settled the matter, however, and only a few remained in Ili. These were made much of by the new Chinese administration and were given all the unoccupied land. The difference between the position of those who had remained in Ili, and their own, induced many of the new Russian subjects to return to Ili and settle there. The Chinese authorities winked at this and abstained from either protesting or assenting. When this example was followed by more and more, the Russian authorities began to take notice and had the fugitives forcibly brought back into Russia. This was followed by fresh flight and fresh violence by the exasperated Russian authorities. This difference in the treatment of the population was not to Russia's advantage. — When the action of the Russian authorities proved
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