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0214 Explorations in Turkestan 1903 : vol.1
Explorations in Turkestan 1903 : vol.1 / Page 214 (Color Image)

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doi: 10.20676/00000177
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184

EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN.

unexpected result was obtained in the study of this question. The moraines were found to indicate glacial epochs so numerous that the writer was very slow to accept the conclusions that they indicated. It was not until a considerable number of glaciated valleys had been examined that credence was given to the occurrence of several glacial epochs separated by warm interglacial epochs. It thus appears that there were certainly two and probably five glacial epochs, separated by long non-glacial intervals of ordinary erosion, during which the climate was relatively warm.

AN OLDER AND A YOUNGER GLACIAL EPOCH.

The less doubtful question of two glacial epochs will be first taken up. The valleys where old moraines were found numbered over twenty, and all but three or four of them were examined up to their heads, or at least up to snow and ice. All, not even excepting the twó or three small ones seen at first, show an older and a younger moraine (see Table III), although in some the distinction was but slight.

TABLE III.—Glacial phenomena of Turkestan, showing the number of moraines in
each valley visited and Use glacial epoch to which each belongs.

Occurrence of moraines.

Elevation

    of foot of
Present present VI. moraine.

2

3

4

5

6

s7

8

s9

10

11

*12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19 s 20

* 21

22

As 23

24

Name and location of valley.

Elevation of base of lowest moraine.

Nameless valley, south of Son Kul     10,300

Nameless valley, northeast of Son Kul. . .     10,700

Tuluk Su (upper), north of Son Kul . . .     10,000

Tuluk Su (lower), north of Son Kul     10,000

Kashga Su, south of Issik Kul     7,400

Ulakhol, south of Issik Kul    8,200

Jukuchak, south of Issik Kul    8,600

Jukuchak, western tributary    9,300

Yak Tash, Tian Shan plateau    11,200

Chakur Komm, Tian Shan plateau    11,200

Chakur Komm (south), branch of Kara 11,300 Kul Su.

Mudirum (Als Sai), Tian Shan plateau. 10,900

Kogargun (NE. of Chatar Kul), Tian 11,600 Shan plateau.

Nameless valley, west of No. 13     11,800

Terek Davan (S. side). Alai Mountains    10,950

Terek Davan (N. side), Alai Mountains 10,300

Kichik Alai, Alai Mountains    7,900

Kichik Alai (W. side), Alai Mountains    7,500

Kauk Bel, Alai Mountains    11,500

Taka, north slope of Pamir    9,700

Khoja Ishken (Kok Su), Alai Mountains. 8,000

Bursundu, branch of No. 21. Alai Moun-   9,500

tains.

Kan Su, north slope of Pamir, in Bokhara . 8,500

Ispairan, Alai Mountains    7.500

Epoch

X X X X

   I X

X

X I X

X

X X

    X

X X
X X

X

(?)

~--

X

X   (?)

(?)   X

    X
X X X X X

X X

(?)

Epoch ll.

Epoch I Epoch Epoch

Ill. 11 1V.   V.

X
X

r---'-~

X I X    

,.___.----,

X I X    

X    

X    

X X X

r--•_=-_,

X X X

X X X

X   X

X    

X X
X X
X

_ X

X X X X X X

X X

X X X X

X X X I X

(?)

X

X

X X

X X X X

X X X

X X

X

X

X

(?)

11,600

12,600

12,600

12,900

11,500

11,400

10,500

Crosses (X) indicate moraines. Where a cross is on a line the moraine may be of either of the adjacent ages.

Braces   indicate that though it is possible to distinguish two or more moraines they may be stages of one.
The elevations are taken by aneroid, and are only approximate within five hundred feet.