MINCHUL KHUTUKTU'S GEOGRAPHY OF TIBET. I27
sKyem-gram-mt'so-p'yug-mo and others. There are also many rivers. There is a great number of forest, bushwood and grass.»
mNa-ri has three districts: sTag-mo lha-dvags, Man-yul-zan-zun and Gu-ge Pu-hran, »although some people reckon Pu-hran, Man-yul and Zans-dkar as one district». Lha-dvags, Ru-t ok and Gu-ge are specially to be noticed. Then he talks of sTon-skar, a place belonging to the Galdan-palace. »In its neighbourhood is the magnificent snowy mountain of Tise, the lake Ma-p'am, a spring known under the name of 'Tungrol. Nowadays are all the described places of the snowy mountains, without exception, regarded as the Gans-ti-se, as mentioned in the Abhidharmakoça and other places, and Anudata (Anavatapta) is nowadays identified with the one which is known under the name of Ma-p'am giyu-mt'so. In the explanations of the Koça it is said, that at all four sides of Gans-ti-se there are to be found rocks or mountains with faces resembling an elephant, a garuda (garuda »ein Adler, Greif», nach and. Auffass. ein Pfau, Grünwedel), a horse, a lion, and that from them rise the following rivers: Ganga, Sindhu, Pakshu, and Sin, and that each of them. with 500 tributaries, is streaming to a different direction and falling into its own sea.' And further it is said that the lake Anudata has 5o 'mil' (in circumference?), and that it has other extraordinary qualities, and it is added that this place is inaccessible and as a rule fatal. — But from where rise the four rivers and where do they run to ? Of the Ganges I have spoken before.' The river Sindhu takes its rise from a snowy range in Bal-ti, to the west from Gans-ti-se, and, turning south, goes through Kapitana, Dsalandhar, Pantsab and other places ... and then falls into the sea. Thus there are in Kashemir, Usmaparant, Dsalandhar, and other places a good many snowy mountains and rivers (falling into the Indus); therefore the river Indhu is uncomparably the greatest of the four. The river Pakshu rises at the north-western side of Tise, which is situated in the country To-dgar and, taking the direction to the west, it runs through Balkh, Bokhara, Khiva and not far from Rum, the principal turkish empire, in the country of the great Mongolian aïmak of the Karakalpaks, and falls into the sea called Manasarovara. The river Sita takes its rise from the north-western ramifications of Gans-ti-se, and, streaming past Yarkand and other places, falls into the salt lake in the T'ogarian country Turfan. It is said that this river formerly went running through central Mongolia and fell into the Eastern Ocean, but as it happened that the Chinese and the Togarians were digging canals from it for irrigation purposes, the water was cut off . . .
The mountain that nowadays is known under the name of Gans-ti-se is very high and has the resemblance of a yurta; it is surrounded by high mountains, and therefore it is said of it, that the very highest top of it has 7o majestic heads. It stands isolated from the surrounding mountains; to the front (south) side it seems full of crevasses and as it were in a teacher's way look down upon the little
I Abbildung dieser mythol. geogr. Vorstellung bei G. E. Gerini, Chulakanta-mangala, Bangkok 1895. Veröffentl. Kgl. Mus. f. Völkerkunde V, 1897. — Cf. Julien, Hiouen-Tshang 3, Karte (Grünwedel). 2 In his description of India, also translated by Vasiliev.
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