国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

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MAPS FROM THE FIRST THIRD OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

Turning our attention to the north we must confess that Tibet is very well placed as compared with Eastern Turkestan. There may even be said to exist an

indication of the western Kwen-lun. He has Casgar twice, I and calls the southern

one »Casgar ou Cacheguer anciene Capitale du Rme».2 On his map of 1706 (Pl. XLI), the northern Casgar has disappeared, but »Yarkan ou Irken 3 Cap. du R.

de Cachgar» is still ten days north of Cachgar. On Pl. XL Cotan is situated on a river flowing S.E. and ending in »Deserts sans eau». On Pl. XLI the river of Cotan flows north to a desert which is part of Desert de Caracatay ou Vieu Cathay, a name that he prefers to the old Desertum Lop. In this desert he has placed the famous »Araptan Kan Calmuc», who, a few years later sent his armies through Tibet and captured Lhasa.

Other names in this part of Central Asia will easily be recognised. There are the routes of Goës and the itinerary of Bernier, and an Arab itinerary through northern Tibet. Acsu, Yulduz, Turfan and Camoul are well placed. The Kingdom of Cialis is still there and seems to refer to the surroundings of Bagrash-köl. The river of Kenker must be either that of Kara-shahr, Khaïdu-gol, or that of Korla, Konche-darya. There is indeed a Conche not far west of it, but it is an alternative name for Cucia which is Kucha. There is also a Ugan, our Ugen-darya.4 But only two rivers are drawn in Eastern Turkestan, Khotan-darya and Konche-darya; the Tarim, of which Ptolemy had two copies, is missing, and so is Lop-nor, which is not surprising, for only between 1760 and 1765 Emperor CHIEN LUNG dispatched the Jesuits D'ESPINHA, D'AROCHA and HALLERSTEIN to make a map of the surroundings of Lop-nor.5

Comparing the map of 1705 (Pl. XL) with another map (Pl. XLII), 1723, by the same author, we find considerable improvements in several respects. The title of the map is so important that it must be given in full: »Carte d'Asie dressée pour l' Usage du Roy. Sur les memoires envoyéz par le Czar a l'Academie Royale des Sciences Sur ce que les Arabes nous ont laissé de ftlus exact des pays orientaux Sur un grand nombre de Rouliers de terre et de mer et de Caries manuscrites detaillées. Le tout assujeli aux observations de l'Academie et a celles des R. R. P. P. 7esuites et autres Matlaematiciens Par GUILLAUME DE-LISLE ... ,uin 1723.» The memoirs which Tsar Peter sent to the Academy were to a very great extent the result of the assiduous work carried out by the Swedish officers kept in Russian captivity at Tobolsk and other places of Siberia, as shall

I The northern falls outside the margin of Pl. XL.

2 »Kacheguer ... was formerly the royal residence, though now the King of Kacheguer resides at Jourkend, a little more to the north, and ten days' journey from Kacheguer.» Bernier, as quoted above.

3 The name for the place comes from Isbrants Ides' map Pl. XXXVIII. On his map of i 705 Delisle calls the city Hiarcham and Yourkend.

4 I have described these rivers in Pet. Mit. 1. c., and Scientific Results Vol. II.

5 Scientific Results, Vol. II, p. 273 et seq., Richthofen, China I, p. 69o.