gol nomadic princes recognising the supremacy of China. The country of Tibet itself is removed to the east of the feeders of Amu-darya, where we still find many of Goës' names, amongst them Parvan, which, together with Cabul, has been removed in a most unfortunate way. In Tibet we find two places derived from Andrade and Kircher, Radoc and Chaparangute. The feeders of the Ganges, which on Ludouicus Georgius' map of 1584 were called Caradris and Beperi, now appear as Candris and Baperi. On the latter, Goës' Hiarchen has got a more easterly position than on Visscher's map. Cascar, the town, is situated on the upper Amu-darya, as on Sanson (Pl. XXX), while the country is east of the upper Ganges.' Yarkand is therefore a town in Kashgar, which may be said to agree with Bernier's: »the King of Kacheguer resides at Jourkend».
A new revelation is the Siba lacus, which acts as the source of the Candris flu. The Ganges is thus shown as partly coming from a lake. Witsen's map is so far in accordance with Andrade's narrative, that the Ganges and the river which waters Tibet may be said to start from one and the same mountain near Caparangue. And only there would the lake have been placed if Witsen had followed Andrade's description. He quotes him in his text, where he says that, according to Andrade, the source of the Ganges is always hidden under ice and snow, after which the river bursts from Hardware through the province of Siba, but unfortunately he does not tell us from where he has got his lake of Siba. However, he points out the uncertainty prevailing as regards the source of the Ganges, and has preferred to follow the example given by older authors. And he knows that the river, not far from its source, flows over a rock with a Cow's head.'
I Here his text is much better: »Van Samarkand, reist men door Caskar, Cotan, Erkent, of Hirkanda, na Sina. Van Erkent tot in het Sinesche Landschap Xensi, is een weg van twee of drie Maenden.» Noord en Oost Tartaryen, etc. Nicolaes Witsen. Amsterdam 1785, I, p. 346. The first edition of his work was published in 1692.
2 Though Witsen does not give us any new information, his passage: Van de oorspronk der Riviere de Ganges, should not be missing in a work dealing with the sources of the great Indian rivers: De oorspronk van de Rivier Ganges, die niet wyt van Mugalia en Kalmakkia gelegen is, was by de ouden niet to recht bekent. Plinius gevoelde daer van, dat die in 't gebergte Hemodus, onder Scythie gelegen, was. Andrada, Jezuit, welke in 't Joer 1624, in 't Ryk Tebet is geweest, zegt, dat men des zelven oorspronk daer omtrent ziet, doch dat die steeds under Ys en Snoeuw gedoken leit, en, na dat langs Klippen en ongebaende wegen gespoelt heeft, door 't Meir Hardwayer, in 't Landschap Siba, dat onder 't Mogolsche gebied behoort, stort, en door het Landschap Kakares vloeit, eindelijk in d' Indische Zee valt. Thevenot, in zijne Indische Reis-beschryving zegt, dat de Ganges en Indus hunnen oorspronk in 't gebergte van Sagatay en Turkestan zouden hebben; welke Landen benoorden aen Indoostan grenzen, en niet wyt van Moegalia en Kalmakkia gelegen zijn. De takken, die aen den oorspronk van de Ganges in mijn Kaert vertoont worden, heb ik, in navolginge van ouder Schryvers, ontworpen; doch achte noodig, de onzeekerheit daer van aen to roeren. Want vinde by zommige de zelve in een andere gedaente afgemaelt: behoudende deze tot dat van de oprechte dreef zal zijn verzeekert ... Op. cit. p. 3 [ 5. In these words Witsen shows that the material existing was very familiar to him, and that he had quite insurmountable difficulties to fight in making a map of a country, quite unknown and of which different authors had so different ideas. Rennell's map a hundred years later, was still more absurd, for there the Ganges was intermingled with the Indus and the Satlej.
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