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| Notes on Marco Polo : vol.1 |
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Citation Information
195. ÇAITON 583
195. çAITON
airon, çaitem, çaiton F
cacar, çarcairon, çarton, çayton,
zayton LT
caiten, cancaron,caron, zerito (?)
VB
caiton F, L, VB
carcon, kayten, sarcon, tarcon
FA
carton FA, FB
caycan P, P5
cayton FB, Z
caytum, çaintum, çaitum,
çaytum, çaytun, zaytun Z chaiton, zaitoni (?) zaython VL charia, zanto, zaton TA3 chatan, zartom TAI
çaairon, zairon L
çairon F, L
çartan Fr, t
marchon, zaitore, zandon, ziargati V
sarcam, sarcan FB sartam FBr sartan FAt, FB zaito TAI, VA zaitom, zaizen VA zaiton TAI, V zaitum R zarton TA', TA3 zaycem G zaytem P
Without the slightest doubt, the various readings represent a pronunciation « Zaiton ». In the jumble of the mss. readings of the name, I fail to discover any clue for a difference between the name of the city and that of the port. Former efforts in that direction have proved futile (cf. Pa, 527; PHILLIPS, JNCB, xxi [1887], 41-42; Y, it, 234, 240). Yet the text speaks of the « port » and of the « city of this port »; cf. Vol. I, 351. Andrea da Perugia, who arrived in the city in 1318 and became the local bishop in 1322, speaks in 1326 of that « great city », que vocatur lingua persica Zaiton (TVy, 374). Peregrino da Castello's much-discussed letter is said to have been written at « Zayton » on December 10, 1318 (ley, 368). The same spelling is used by Odoric ( Try, 460) and Marignoiii (ley, 536). John of Cora's « Racon » is of course a clerical error (JA, vi [July 1830], 68; YI, III, 100). « Zayton » appears on the Catalan Map (cf. CORDIER, L'Extrême-Orient dans l' Atlas Catalan, 32-33). Fra Mauro's map gives « Çaiton », « Zaiton » and «Zaidon» (cf. Zu, 38; HALLBERG, 95; and the map itself). Persian and Arabic sources uniformly write .) : Zäitün; for instance, Ibn Said (1- 1274 or 1286; Fe, 349), Rasidu'd-Din (Bl, II, 490), Ibn Battûtah (transi. DEFRtMERY and SANGUINETTI, IV, 269, 272, etc.; Fe, 427-429, 454-455), Abû-'i-Fidä (in REINAUD, Géogr. d'Aboulféda, II, II, 122-124), down to the
Akbari of 1595 (Fe, 554). Wassâf's ms., as edited by HAMMER (Persian text, 43), writes
?1 vß,9,91, which HAMMER (Ha2, transi., 43) has rendered « Lonkin Ferwesetiun », but which evidently represents « Lonkin-fu (Chin. Lung-hsing-fu hi]; vide infra), and Zäitûn (,;y:!> ), and Cin-kälän (= Canton; omitted by HAMMER) ». I quote this example to show that the vocalic signs in HAMMER'S S. are arbitrary, and in particular that they cannot be cited to support any reading different from Zäitûn.
Already in 1655, the Jesuit MARTINI, in his Novus Atlas Sinensis (§ on « Civencheu »), proposed to identify « Zaiton » with 1R J Jj Ch'üan-chou on the coast of Fu-chien. DE GUIGNES concurred with him (Hist. gén. des Huns, III, 169). Finally, KLAPROTH published in 1824 (JA, y [July 1824], 41-44; also xi [1833], 342) a note in which he explained « Zaiton » as a transcription of m j Tz'ü-t'ung, saying that he had found Tz'ü-t'ung given as an ancient name of Ch'iian-chou in the Ta-Ch'ing i-t'ung chih. This equivalence was accepted for half a century,
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