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| 0590 |
Southern Tibet : vol.7 |
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CHAPTER XLVI.
THE GLACIATION. KRAPOTKIN. SOME RECENT
EXPEDITIONS.
There exists a whole literature on the glaciation of the Himalayas and Kara-
korum, and several specialists on physical geography have in later years directed
their attention to the question of glacier movements and their relation to precipitation,
monsoons and other meteorological elements. The Geological Survey of India, and
several private scholars, as Mr. DOUGLAS FRESHFIELD and M. CHARLES RABOT
have devoted much attention to the problem, collected and compared materials. It
would take us too far to enter upon this question here, and it is better to wait until
more definite and reliable results may be gained from richer material of a sufficiently
long period of observations. In this connection I will only mention two or three
contributions to the solution of the problem.
In 1903 Professor DAVIS, and Messrs. HUNTINGTON and R. W. PUMPELLY
travelled in Central Asia. Their exploration proved the existence of several successive
glacial epochs in the mountains of High Asia during the glacial period.¹ »Each of
these epochs of glacial expansion must have had its echo in a corresponding expansion
of the water area, and in a reaction on the climate of the basin region itself in the
direction of local precipitation and amelioration of the desert conditions.»
The processes reviewed by the Americans were found to have been operating with
fluctuating intensity since Tertiary time. The maximum of intensity existed probably as
a consequence of the glacial period. Glacial epochs were accompanied by swollen rivers
with broad flood-plains, expansions of the seas with extensive marshes, and by great extents
of loess-steppes. During interglacial epochs the conditions were reversed, and subsequent
to the last glacial epoch there began the general trend towards the present condition of
aridity — a trend that was interrupted by oscillations, in some of which the aridity may
have exceeded that of to-day — a process in which the seas, while responding to the
oscillations, have in the main shrunk gradually to the volumes compatible with the present
equilibrium between precipitation and evaporation. Parallel with this progress toward
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563
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573
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583
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681
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693
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704
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714
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726
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737
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747
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758
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773
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788
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801
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813
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833
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848
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864
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876
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888
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