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| 0687 |
Southern Tibet : vol.7 |
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CHAPTER LVI.
DIFFERENTIAL EARTH MOVEMENTS.
The general latitudinal orientation from west to east of the rivers and lakes
on the Tibetan highlands is a very characteristic feature of the whole region. The
four latitudinal valleys considered above, constitute continuous depressions which are
to be explained as folding-troughs between the principal mountain systems. Even
Nain Sing was struck by the continuity of one of these latitudinal depressions, and
according to him a cart might be driven all the way from Noh to Ombo without
any repairs being made to the road. This regular orientation of the lacustrine de-
pressions will, as I have said above, prove to be of great assistance to us when we
make the attempt to bring some order into the orography of Tibet, and the stretching
of its principal mountain systems.
Before proceeding to this problem I will, however, say a few words on the
geology of the region in question.
Ever since the middle Tertiary epoch, and even later, considerable tangential
movements have taken place, according to SUESS, and these movements have folded
the sea-bottom that stretched straight across Europe and Asia, while the table-land
farther south did not take part in the movements. The whole southern rand of
Eurasia is, as Suess says, pressed in gigantic folds towards Indo-Africa. The most
magnificent of all these curved folds is the pair of systems called Himalaya and
Transhimalaya, and the region of resistance which has forced the folds up like an
enormous wall at the southern edge of Tibet, is the Indian peninsula.
Dr. H. AHLMANN has shown¹ how the orographic activity of the later tertiary
epoch not only resulted in the formation of ranges of mountain-folds, but also in the
elevation of the old sea-bottom which gradually was changed into a high-land plateau.
This plateau forms the base of the mountain-folds. Further he proves that the de-
structive forces begin their work as soon as such a plateau block is formed. From
the periphery the erosion of running water begins to cut down into the plateau block,
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888
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