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| 0591 |
Southern Tibet : vol.7 |
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aridity, under the diminished precipitation and the lessening to disappearance of the amelio-
rating climatic reaction of the once-expanded water areas, was the shrinkage of the loess
zones. The grassy steppes, which had once teemed with life and permitted the distribution
of ruminants and the horse across all Asia to Europe, gradually became broken up into
disconnected areas by the increased intensity of desert conditions. The expanding deserts
cut off the connection between the faunae of southern Turkestan and Persia on the one
hand and those of Europe on the other, and allowed the evolution of regional varieties.
And there must have been a similar reaction upon the distribution of man.
After this, a continued progress towards extreme aridity advanced the desert sea
of sands till its dune-waves, rolling even nearer to the mountain, completely submerged
long stretches of the narrowed loess-zone between the now restricted deltas at the mouths
of mountain streams. The teeming herds of ruminants and horses disappeared over vast
areas, and life was restricted to the mountains and to the borders of the few remaining
streams and to the deltas.
The phenomena observed in different parts of Turkestan were rightly supposed
to have not only local validity, but to have been the same all over Central and
High Asia.
It seems only reasonable to suppose that epochs of increased glacial conditions were
coincident on both sides of the Trans-Alai range and in neighbouring regions. In the
Great Alai Valley and on the Pamir, we have one class of moraines of similar antiquity
and extent, another of similar freshness and extent and indications of a third still later
class of little extent. Evidence thus places each class on the Pamir as contemporary with
its respective similar class in the Great Alai Valley.¹
The uniformity of the terrace phenomena over vast areas supports, according
to HUNTINGTON, the hypothesis that they were due to changes of climate. In
Persia, Transcaspia, and Russian Turkestan he found that »the terraces of the main
valleys leading from the higher mountains present a marked degree of uniformity
in structure, arrangement, number, appearance, and relative size». This was true
for the Kwen-lun as well as for the Thian-Shan. »From Persia on the west to
China on the east the typical series of terraces consists of three which are old and
large and comparatively dissected, two which are much smaller, younger and better
preserved, and a still smaller one, often absent, which may be called incipient.» There
are sometimes traces of still older terraces.²
We are apt to think of the Glacial period as, primarily, a time of intense glaciation.
Such a view is inadequate. Glaciation was a phenomenon whose distribution in space was
limited to the northern half of Europe and North America, and to a few elevated regions
in other parts of the world. Its distribution in time was limited to the five or more glacial
epochs which formed half of the Glacial Period, the other half being composed of inter-
glacial epochs, during which the climate was so far ameliorated that the glaciers retired
as far as their present position, or farther. Thus the Glacial period was, primarily, a time
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573
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583
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589
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681
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693
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704
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726
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773
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788
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801
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813
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833
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848
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864
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876
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888
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National Institute of Informatics
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The Toyo Bunko. All Rights Reserved.
