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| 0843 |
Southern Tibet : vol.7 |
Citation Information
OCR Text
587
conceived by BURRARD and NEVE, will be easily recognized. In the north we find
the Kwen-lun Ranges as they were surveyed chiefly by Russian and later on by a
few other travellers. A very great portion of the interior of the Tibetan highland is
filled up by the Northern and Central Kara-korum Ranges, the first no doubt in
connection with the Tang-la system, the second also continuing far to the east. The
most striking new feature of my map is the eastern prolongation of the Saltoro or
Kailas Range, viz., the Central Transhimalaya, a very broad and complicated system,
of which, before my last journey, only a few border ranges and peaks had been
seen from a distance. It may be regarded as perfectly certain that the Kara-korum
Ranges as we know them in the west diverge E. S. E. and eastwards, and that
their continuations cover the whole southern half of Tibet between the Tang-la and
the Transhimalaya. A difficult question, which will demand a very thorough and
detailed examination in the future, is the way in which the different Kara-korum
Ranges run in the region of, and particularly north of, Panggong-tso. For this
region seems to be nearly as complicated as the mountains pierced by the middle
courses of the Indo-Chinese rivers. Therefore it is superfluous to say that my
map (Pl. LXXXIX) is only a new attempt to bring order into the mountain ranges
of the highest protuberance of the solid surface of the earth.
In connection with the orography a few words should be said regarding the
general levelling of mountains and depressions that has given rise to the present
morphology of the great plateauland of Tibet. By the orogenetic folding activity
which was at work during the whole Tertiary epoch the chief features of the fold-
troughs between the mountain ranges were formed. The very lively atmospheric
activity which took place during and after the same enormously long period, gave
rise to the precipitation and consequently to the rivers which cut down and excavated
the folding troughs deeper and deeper, and pierced the mountains in wild, narrow
gorges. This state of things prevailed all over Tibet. The whole country presented
the same accentuated sculpture, the same deep-cut valleys between steep or nearly
perpendicular mountains as still are found in the wildest and most inaccessible parts
of the Himalayas. As compared with the latitudinal valleys the mountain ranges
were gigantic, running uninterruptedly through the whole of the country. The gorges
were filled with rivers forming rapids and water-falls and joining the main rivers in
the latitudinal valleys which all were bound to the ocean or to the interior of the
continent. All the debris and the detritus from the mountains and river-beds was
carried away by running water.
From cosmic or terrestrial reasons the climate became dry and the precipita-
tion diminished gradually. Therefore, and in connection with the differential move-
ments of the crust, the upper courses of the rivers were cut off, and increasing
areas of the highlands were transformed into self-contained basins. The denudation
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457
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467
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478
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563
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573
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656
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666
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681
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693
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704
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773
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788
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801
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833
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840
841
843
844
845
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848
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864
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876
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888
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