würdigen Grenzstein bildet. Weiter gegen N.O. zieht dies ungeheure Gebirge nordwestlich der Stadt Tsiamdo (Tschhang-tu) vorüber, die von drei Bergketten umgeben, von 2 Flüssen durchschnitten wird . . . I Die drei obengenannten Haupt-Ketten dieses Systemes gegen Osten hin, nämlich die äussere oder südliche, der Himalaya, und die innere oder nördliche, das Kaylasa, nämlich die Khor- und die Dzang-Ketten, diese drei, sagt Klaproth, stehen noch durch mehrere Zwischenketten in gegenseitiger Verbindung, die doch auch sehr hoch sind, und von denen mehrere noch an verschiedenen Stellen Gletschern tragen.»
When Ritter wrote the above passages no other journeys had been undertaken than Moorcroft's, Gerard's, Herbert's and a few others. The rest is from Chinese sources, translated by Klaproth. Ritter's range Hor stretches from the Kwen-lun in the N.W. to Tengri-nor and cannot be identified with any system of our present knowledge of Tibet. It cannot be the Kara-korum or rather its eastern continuation, as this is too far north. It cannot be the labyrinth of small ranges between the Kara-korum and the Transhimalaya, for this is also north of Kailas and Tengri-nor.
But the Tsang range we recognize from Klaproth's translations, and Nienchen-tang-la dates from the same source. This is probably the first time that in a European handbook of geography the Chinese knowledge of the Transhimalaya has been introduced. In the statement that the Tarku Dzangbo should rise from the northern side of the Dzang range we again recognize the Chinese source. It is of great interest to remember that Carl Ritter, in 1833, introduces a range, beginning from the Kailas, bordering the northern side of the Tsangpo-valley, stretching from west to east towards the Nien-chen-tang-la south of Tengri-nor. Ritter thus regarded the Dzang as a range following parallel with the north bank of the Tsangpo, somewhat like the representation on the map of Slider's Hand-Atlas for 1909, which is based on the map of the Tibet Frontier Commission of 1904. North of Dzang was another range, Hor. It is curious that Ritter did not prefer to accept d'Anville's view, whose map of Tibet is exactly 'op years older, and, from the point of view of general orography, more correct, as it would have induced Ritter to suspect not one or two ranges, but many ranges north of the Tsangpo, forming one great system all together. Still, Dzang is the oldest name used in Europe for the mountains north of the Tsangpo, and it should thus have a greater claim than the names Kailas and Gangri introduced at a later period.
Just as Saunders some 40 years later so did Ritter suppose the range Dzang to continue from Tengri-nor to the N.E. The last passage quoted above from Ritter represents, after Klaproth, the Himalaya, Dzang and Khor ranges as joined by secondary ranges, of which several should have glaciers. Or in other words that the whole of Tibet should be like a net of ranges, which is, as we now know, not at all the case, for the meridional ranges are very rare, and generally a great paral-
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