valley of Targo-tsangpo. Beyond the pass the soil is yellow dust and fine gravel with some grass. Targo-gangri dominates the country; it is often altogether or partly hidden, but again its snow-fields appear, covered with clouds.
Kamlung, Chimuk and Rajoa are small valleys from the S.W. The main valley going down from Tarbung-la is dry and shut in by low, rounded hills. Kamsang-shärlung is a valley from the right; the gravel is quartzite, and partly crystalline schist; occasionally the ground is sandy. The main valley opens out slowly towards the junction with the Targo-tsangpo. The hills to the left, or S.W. of the road, have so far hidden the view in that direction, but now the view becomes free over a brilliant landscape, one of the most magnificent in this part of Tibet. To the S.W. and W.S.W. appears a gigantic and dark range with many pyramidal tops, all about the same height and covered with some snow and having a great number of very small glaciers. My guides called it Do and Tang-nupge, probably only local names. To the S.W. is the depression of Shuru-tso, the lake still invisible. To the north opens a broad valley with a road to the pass Shangbuk-la. Through this valley flows the Nagma-tsangpo, joining the Targo-tsangpo at Camp 150; in its upper part it is called Tingtang-tsangpo and Chuma, and amongst its tributaries were mentioned Gojok and Nyunkar; the Bumnak and Tasang we have already mentioned. Nagma-tsangpo comes from mountains to the east, which are a water-parting between Targo-tsangpo and Tagrak-tsangpo, or Dangra-yum-tso and Ngangtse-tso.
The country here is very open and level. East of Targo-gangri the Targo valley appears as level as a floor and on the right it is bounded by moderate sandy hills with grass From the nevées of the Targo-gangri to the east issue, as far as can be seen from the neighbourhood of Camp 150, five glaciers, rather short and steep, and quite white except the very front of the snouts where the blue ice is visible. These glaciers seem to be situated in deep cut furrows; one of them is particularly deep and well protected against the sun, and consequently extends farther down than the rest. Below its snout a very great grey fan slopes down to the Targo valley.
Farther on, two small reddish hills are passed, one on each side of the road. On all slopes to the right or N.E. of the road, five old beach-lines are very well preserved, indicating the former extent and height of Dangra-yum-tso. The Nagmatsangpo has 3 m high erosion terraces.
At Camp 150 the Targo-tsangpo valley is about 15 km broad; the river is divided into several branches, partly frozen, and very rich in fish. A good deal of bush vegetation thrives between the branches; ducks and wildgeese are numerous in the swamps on both sides. The Targo-gangri rises abruptly from the western side of the valley. On the eastern side are comparatively low hills, one of which, to the N.E., is called Nyemo-mari. Only in summer do the brooks from the Targo-glaciers carry water; at the end of April everything is still frozen. The guides assured us there
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