Mingur, Danpur, Shang, and Shingta. Straight south from Nyanda-nakpo is a nameless snowy peak; in the same direction is Yangrung a dark peak not far away. Nakyu is a valley S.S.W.; Skata is a high part of the Jukti-la range S. 4o° W.; S. 72° W. there is a peak, Ale, in our neighbourhood; N. 8o° W. lies Rakpe-kop also a near peak; N. 45° W. is Kul-karu a small peak; immediately N. 14° W. from the Camp is a rugged rock Satsik-nyanda-nagu; Ham-ngo is a flat, reddish mountain to the N. 32° E.; N. 69° E. is a near peak, Taldi ; to the S.E. is a valley Kamsang.
From Nyanda-nakpo there is a road to the important salt lake Tsak-tsaka or Chak-tsaka, passing a valley Napipa, the pass Kyangme-la, Kyangmar, the Indus, Lungsur, the pass Chungorung-la, a place Abulung, the passes Tiba-la and Gurtingla, a place Toreng, the pass Särlung-doring, a place Changkyam, the pass Changkyamla. Salt from Tsak-tsaka is brought on sheep to many places in Western Tibet and surrounding regions. Farther north, the places Turngo, Kalchen and Marpo-yargu, belonging to Rudok, were mentioned. There are several other places where salt is obtained in this region. One of the ordinary salt roads passes Gartok and continues to Dabadsong via: Umdung, Pachung-tena, Choko-la, obviously the same as the Shoko-la of the maps, Samda, Namra and Daba. From Nyanda-nakpo there is said to be a road northwestwards to Lapta-la, beyond which is Lapta-chu, the upper course of, or a source branch to the Lang-chu. In this connection a salt road from Hlagan to Chak-tsaka may be mentioned: Nagra-migchen, Lungchen, Nalep not far from Tok-jalung, a low pass called Rulo-la, Särlung and Chak-tsaka. From the salt lake a road goes to Gyanima, passing: Nakpo-shambo, Kyabuk, Temar, Dsojung; the pass Shaser-la, which drains into Singi-kamba and Miser-chu, Gämjung-kapkap, Dirgen-la, Gyälupung, Gombo-sumna, Gombo-la, Sonjung and Gyanima. The two last-mentioned passes are said to be low and secondary.
Continuing south-westwards our road rises gradually; several small valleys enter from the sides. Lung-karpo is a great valley directed to the N. 6o° W. with an 8 days' journey to Tashi-gang. This road passes the following places: Tesär, Tongön, Karsa on the Lang-chu, Goinrung, Kyamar, Tingdum, Tak-taka and Tashi-gang. In connection with this road the following information is of interest: it is said not to cross a single pass; only low undulations; on the right, or to the N.E., it has a red range of low mountains, on the left, S.W., the high range of Jukti-la. Ladaki merchants bound for Tok-jalung, often take this road. Through the upper part of the Lung-karpo a road goes up to Jukti-changma-la or the northern Jukti pass, while my road has a more southerly course to the Jukti-hloma-la; the Jukti-changma is higher and always covered with ice, as I was told. There is a third pass, still further north, Lasar-la. The roads from all three passes join at the S.W. side of the range at Dunglung-sumdo. All three passes are said to be closed by snow in December, and remain closed for 5 months. Therefore the winter-road from Nyanda to Gargunsa goes down the Lang-chu, and further from Goinrung yid Umdung, Pele-rakpala, and Dulchu to Gar-gunsa. Pele-rakpa-la is a low, soft sandy pass which never
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