and the river was free from ice for a quarter-of-a-mile below them, though everywhere else, both above and below, it was hard frozen.» Such observations are important, for they point to a lively activity still going on in the Transhimalaya, which has proved to be a comparatively young formation. There is in the report another description of the same kind, but still more surprising. At some places further west in the transverse valleys of the Transhimalaya I have seen hot springs, but nothing like the following: »On the 2nd of January the explorer reached Naisum Chuja. Chuja, or chusa, means source of hot-water springs. The name is given to the place from the great number of hot springs which there are here on both sides of the Lahti Chu River. The water from these springs is so hot that the river is not frozen for about three miles below them, though everywhere else it was frozen over. On the right bank of the river there are two very remarkable hot springs, which throw up a jet of water over sixty feet in height; the water in falling again freezes and forms pillars of ice, which are nearly up to the full height of the jet. These pillars are about thirty feet in circumference, and look like towers, with holes at the sides just as if they had been made artificially. The water is thrown up with great violence and noise. The thermometer, when put in the water inside the pillars, stood at 183° F., the boiling point there being only 183.75°.»' The question is only: was it really ice, and not white deposits from the spring water, of the same kind as may be seen in the valley leading up to Chang-lung-yogma in the Kara-korum mountains?'
At a third place still higher up there were hot springs with 130° F. On January 8th Khalamba-la was crossed at 17 200 feet. At Dung Nagu Chaka on the northern side hot springs of 180° F. were found. From Ghaika he could see a big lake, which was found to be Jang Namcho Chidmo or Tengri-nor. A river, Ghaika Chu, said to be swollen in summer, comes from the west. On January 2 I st he arrived at Tengri-nor which he found completely frozen. Dorkia L6g6 Dong is a monastery on the western shore. Ringa Do is a place on the northern shore, near which is an island. Then follows Jador Gonpa. On the eastern shore he crossed Nai Chu, a river coming from the east. The next monastery is Tashi Doche Gonpa. Near Jador Gonpa on the western half of the northern shore »there are a great many fossil stones which are held in veneration; they are called 'Naidhowa'. The explorer saw a gigantic doorway cut in a rock through which the Lamas say the god Ninjinthangla passes; its height is about 25 feet . . . To the south-west of the Tashi Doche Gonpa there are a number of magnificent snowy peaks which are called the Ninjinthangla peaks. The Lamas say the highest peak is a god, and that he is surrounded by 36o smaller snowy peaks which act as his servants. To the east of Tashi Doche there is another mass of high peaks called Nuchin Gasa, which appeared to the explorer to rise higher above the Namcho Lake than the Kailas
I A similar formation of ice I have described from Mus-kol on the Pamirs, 1894. »Through Asia», London 1898. Vol. I, p. 169.
2 Trans-Himalaya, Vol. I, p. 82.
IIIFカラー高解像度
