The weather was always clear. Hard wind from the S.W. very common. On September i 5th the Mugu lakes were covered with thin ice breaking up before noon. Snow is said to fall in the middle of December; at the Mugu lakes there may occasionally fall one foot of snow.
At Singi-buk some natives gave me the information that through a left tributary to the Le-lungpa a road goes up to the pass Le-la, which seems to be equivalent to Tseti-lachen-la and be a first class water-parting. Through the Dunglung valley there is also said to be a road to Dunglung-la, west of Tseti-la, and passing a little lake, Tug-tso; I could not gather any reliable information about this lake; but it must be on the northern side of the water-parting, for a brook, Tsopta, issues from the lake, passes a place called Tsatung-ga, and joins the Inclus one day's journey below Singi-buk. The little lake was said to be one day's march in circumference, and as having a rocky island in its centre; it freezes towards the latter half of November. Between Dunglung-la and Tseti-lachen-la is a third pass, Tsetilachung-la.
A guide from Gertse gave the following names on the road to that district, from Yumba-matsen; Taben-lungsor-la, from where a brook, Pagmo-chu begins; Tseptu-marmu-la with a brook callad Savo-lärgen, going to a little salt lake called Ombo-tongchung; Orok-la, a high pass, with a brook to the little Tarap-tso, Goachumik ; Ngomang, a plain; Hotu, a plain; Ngongtsong, a brook joining the Lerungchu, and going to the lake Ngongtson-tso; and, finally, the plain of Gertse.
There are several other roads in this region. One is said to proceed to the N.E. to a salt lake called Tansam-tsaka, in the neighbourhood of which is a temple, Geji-gompa, with l o lamas. From Camp 238 there is a road to Tusa-namgo, Tashito-uche, Kong-hlashi-la, the Indus and the camp of the Pun or chief of Singtod-Singmet. From Camp 241, Gyekung, a distance of four days is calculated to Selipuk; there are two different roads: the left one goes viâ Luma-karu, not far from a little freshwater lake, Tagar-tso ; Dunker, where the river Aong-tsangpo is reached; Senge with some pools, and an easy pass, Senge-la, probably the same which was called Sige-la in Selipuk ; and, finally, Selipuk, reached the fourth day. On this way, therefore, two passes are crossed, first the Nima-lungchen, just above Camp 241, and then Senge or Sige-la. There is also a third threshold, Tok-marpo. If only N.W.—S.E. ranges prevailed here, the passes ought to be mere thresholds in latitudinal valleys; but Nima-lungchen is situated in a real crest, proving that there are ranges in other directions as well. On the road from Singi-kabab to Gyekung we have also found that the orography is extremely irregular, and the mountains small and sporadic on the high plateau-land. The second road to Selipuk, S.W. of the first, crosses a pass Tartolung-la, and then touches Gyaserma, Aongtsangpo and Tselungma before reaching Selipuk the fifth day.
Camp 235 was said to be in the district of Bomba-Singtod-lungpo. At Camp 241, close to Yumba-matsen, a native correctly pointed to the N.E. to show where
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