338 THE EIGHTH CROSSING.
The valley of the Indus downwards has a moderate breadth ; the mountains on both sides are not very high, but compact and bulky; those on the left side are more considerable and steep, and the river flows along their foot; those to the right have a more gradual slope. Through the opening of a tributary from the south considerable mountains are visible in that direction. Small brooks from several springs join the Indus. The fall of the valley is very gradual. At Hlagar the height is 4 672 m, and the river had a volume of 6 cub. m a second. Between Camps 245 and 246 the rocks consist of porphyry, granophyr, porphyrite, and quartzporphyrite. The Tibetans of Hlagar asserted the river had the same character farther downwards, there being no falls or cataracts. The following stations were given: Gyächurap, with nomads in winter; Sherdong with nomads; Pamar, with nomads; Talung-karpo and Pekiya, uninhabited; at Pekiya a small right tributary joins the Indus; a good distance below Pekiya the Lang-chu enters from the left side; there is a camping place Lang-chu or Lang at this tributary. Shibu-la is a pass somewhere near the source of Lang-chu. Takmar is a place near Pamar; Langchu-la is a pass somewhere between the Lang-chu and the Singi-kabab, and Pelerakpa-la is between Lang-chu and Gar-gunsa. From Gar-gunsa to Tok-jalung is a direct road viâ Pamar, as follows: Pele-rakpa-la, Kaga, Gyamu, Lang-chu, Polongnitsa, Pamar, Nabuk, Tsalam with Tsalam-la, Chatia, and Tok jalung, here also called Shalung; there are several low, nameless passes on this road. Where the Singi-kamba joins the Gartang the height is 4 254 m, or a fall of 418 m from Hlagar, a distance of 163,6 km.
At Hlagar the road to Gartok leaves the Indus. Here two valleys from the south and S.W. join the river: Nakyu-pu and Tarruk. A little lower. down the Chugung enters from the left and the Gablung from the right. All these valleys are dry. Our road goes up through the Tarruk which is full of gravel; just at the entrance of this valley rises a very abrupt porphyrite rock. Through a left tributary to the Tarruk our road ascends over soft ground to the pass Tarruki-la, 4 874 m high, where granite stands in living rock. To the S.W. appears the valley Loänsärtso, which, not far north of our road, joins the Changmar valley coming from the west, and joining the Indus from the left. So far as the Indus valley is visible it runs N. 15° W., after a short bend to the N.N.E.
The road crosses the Tok-kung, a tributary to the Loän, and then slowly ascends through the latter, which is surrounded by rounded, weathered red rocks of porphyrite, and with a bottom full of gravel. There is a spring called Loänsärtsoki-chu, whence the ground slowly rises to the little threshold Särtsoki-la, 5 028 m high. From this pass a valley goes down westwards, with a hill, Kungmo-tinge, at its right side. It was impossible to discover where this valley goes to, and my guides could give no information about it. But as Särtsoki-la, and Dotsa-la, which, with its 5 045 m, is situated at a short distance S.W. of Särtsoki-la, indicate the culmination between the Indus and the Lang-chu, the west-going valley belongs very
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