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150   NAIN SING's JOURNEY IN 1873-74, — AND OTHER EXPLORATIONS.

The vast snowy range is not, as Markham believed, a western continuation of the Nien-chen-tang-la and cannot, therefore, alone, be called the northern Himalaya, as no range of the southern Himalaya, alone, can be called southern Himalaya. Only when the whole system is regarded as a whole, can it be called the northern Himalaya. The ranges Nain Sing has seen from his route are only a part of the system, situated north of the western continuation of the Nien- chen-tang-la which is the back-bone of this eastern section of the Transhimalaya.

In the discussion which took place after Trotter's paper had been read, and which, in spite of Sir HENRY YULE's presence, was far from important, TREL. SAUNDERS said: »no one who had studied Himalayan geography could fail to feel grateful for the two vertical sections across the mountains down to the Tsangpo, by Pundit Nain Sing, one of which was described in the paper. Those sections had thrown a general light on the whole subject».1

How very right and how different from the view that it should be sufficient to see a landscape from a distance to draw a tolerable map of it. He does not say a word of the western continuation of »the range», he only talks of the two transverse crossings, which had been accomplished in 187I-72. He takes, however, the subject too easily when he says that these two sections have thrown a general light on the whole of these mountains. His starting point was critically and scientifically correct, but his conclusions wrong when he believed that the system was built on the same pattern the whole way, namely, as on the crossings over Khalamba-la and Dam-largen-la.

If in the discussion in the Royal Geographical Society, on May 14th 1877, Nain Sing was not fully appreciated, he had a sort of revenge in the discussion after my paper, on Febr. 23rd, 1909. Sir Henry Trotter, the great and noble protector and able collaborator of the Pundit, said: »that Nain Sing in his passage through the lake district, fixed the position of numerous snowy peaks to the south of his route for a distance of several hundred miles; many of these correspond well with Sven Hedin's work».2 There are, however, only two peaks, which I am able to identify, namely, the Shakangsham and the Targo-gangri. As I cross or approach the Pundit's route only near Dangra-yum-tso and Ngangtse-tso, I can, so far as Transhimalaya is concerned, only speak of this section of his route, not of sections farther west which do not belong to Transhimalaya, and not of the itinerary eastwards to Tengrinor where I have not been. But for the section in question I cannot identify any other peak than "Fargo-gangri.3

I Proceedings Royal Geogr. Society. Vol. 21, 1876--77, p. 348.

2 Geographical Journal, Vol. XXXIII, 1909, p. 419.

3 On the same occasion Doctor LONGSTAFF said: »I wish to draw attention to that range of snow mountains discovered by Nain Sing in 1874, and along tl,e northern side of which he tr2velled for more than Boo miles.» He adds that he is uncertain whether I include this in my Transhimalaya, which is surprising as I had just precised the extension of the system in the following words: »in the north I should say the belt of central lakes, the eastern discovered by Nain Sing, the western by me,