270 THE SECOND CROSSING.
138, where the height is 4 167 m, although the village and the monastery are situ-
ated at a considerable height above the bottom of the valley. Some of the surrounding mountains are of considerable height, as one to the S.E. and another S.W. called Takpo-che and falling steep down to the Mil-chu valley at Tong. To the N. 86° W. is a rocky massive at the side of a right tributary called Kanin-lungpa; to the N. 62° W. is a rounded peak, Ya-munja between Mü-chu and a right tributary; at a greater distance N.W. is the peak Ya-metsik with some snow. The mountain at the southern foot of which the monastery, Lung-gandän, is built, is called Ya-yüra. From N. 80° E. enters a valley Tong-pu-chen which is separated from 1
Tongchung by mount Tovakü. The village Tong is built on the terrace of gravel and blocks which has its root in the mouth of Tong-pu-chen ; the fields are amphitheatrically arranged like a staircase down the slope; bushes and poplar trees are not rare.
Northwards from Tong the valley of MU-chu remains as narrow as before; the rise is slow, the river seldom forming rapids. The fluvial terraces are well developed the whole way up, especially at the right or western side, where they are 3o to 40 m high. Granite prevails. From the west enter the tributaries Tina and Tso, both of them having fairly high snowy mountains in the background, making the impression of a crest parallel with the valley of the MU-chu. Hlelung-pu comes from the east and has also a little brook from snow-fields and springs. Lingbo-pu is also a valley from the west with a sharp ridge in its background. Ghe-pu is a comparatively big valley from the east; in its upper regions there is a partly snow-covered massive called Tsa-la, a name which rather indicates a pass. In the region of Ghe the MU-chu is said to be at its greatest in the beginning of August when it can nowhere be crossed. Here the right or west side of the Mü-chu valley is rocky and steep, the left has more gradual and rounded slopes. As a rule the river follows the middle of the valley, only forced by the fans of the tributaries to turn over to the opposite side of the main valley. Thus for instance the Ghe valley and its fan press the MU-chu over to the right side of the main valley.
On the section from Ghe to Sirchung we notice the following left tributaries, i. e. coming from the east: Tangma, which has a brook and in the surroundings of which grey granite stands in living rock; Rogam, which is very small; Chepu, a considerable valley coming N. 87° E., with a local road to its upper part, but not to a pass; it has many small side valleys, the openings of which are seen some distance upwards; Shavo or Shao and Ship are small valleys; Gilung opposite to Sirchung is comparatively great, although it is said to be only two clays' journey to its origin at Nere. Above Nere is the pass Chang-la, beyond which follow the regions of Ngartang and Ye-pu; Ngartang is my Camp 122 between Dangbä-la and Ta-la, and Ye-pu the upper region of Rung-chu. The information is so far interesting as it proves there is a direct road from Sirchung to Ngartang, some three days long and crossing the water-parting between Rung-chu and Mü-chu in a pass, Chang-la
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