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MARKIIAM AND SAUNDERS.

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at the northern bank of the Tsangpo, and, to the north, gradually going over into the Tibetan plateau. Between Gangdisri and Kuenlun there is nothing that could be suspected as an eastern continuation of the Kara-korum, which could not be expected either, as Saunders connected the Kara-korum and the Gangdisri. Both on the map and on the section there are, however, several small ranges of hills. The section is placed about Longitude 85°. To judge from the map it would have been very much the same at 82° or 90°. And if it be remembered that 84°45' cuts at least five different ranges, all belonging to the Transhimalaya, one will realize that the Gangdisri of Saunders is nothing but mere conjecture.

Thus, following Saunders' terminology, the series of highest peaks including Mt. Everest, is the Southern chain of the Himalaya, and he described it and represented it on his map of 1870 as an uninterrupted range. This view was adopted by all the best professional geographers.

In another important article, The (Himalayan System,' Saunders, seven years later, develops his views and tells us all that was known regarding the Transhimalaya. He criticises the Calcutta Reviewer and finds it strange that he could support the same view as Herbert, whose errors were the result of his limited knowledge.

Remembering the clear and simple distinction between the systems of Himalaya and Transhimalaya, one becomes rather bewildered when one has to realize that Saunders' Gangri Mountains are the same as Markham's Northern range, and Saunders' Northern chain the same as Markham's Central chain, and the Reviewer's Southern watershed the same as Saunders' Northern chain. It does not make the problem easier that everybody should use his own terminology. So, when Saunders says that the Reviewer asserts that the peaks of the Southern Chain belong to spurs extended from the Northern, one would not quite understand what he meant, unless he had added that the separation between the two ranges was effected by such valleys as Kashmir, Spiti, Baspa, Bhagirati, Alaknanda, and others. The »summit» of the Northern Range he finds easy to trace with some distinctness, »while its northern base is unmistakably defined by the prolonged courses of the great rivers flowing through the same trough, although in oppsite directions». On the other hand, he says, »the Upper Indus and Sanpu are of such lengths and magnitudes that no one has suggested such an amalgamation of the mountains on either side of them as the Calcutta Reviewer advocates between our Northern and Southern Ranges. Not even the Reviewer imagines spurs extending across the prolonged trough of the Upper Indus and Sanpu. — But the Reviewer, following Mr. Markham, agrees with him in considering the mountains on both sides of the trough as Himalaya. In my original discussion of this subject, the Himalaya is limited between the south side of the trough and the plains of India. With the best disposition to concur in the newer view, my own method seems to me to be the more symmetrical and convenient, more consistent with the nature of rivers and mountains . . .»

I The Geographical Magazine, Vol. IV 1877, p. 173 et seq.