The living rock consists of quartz-porphyrite and conglomerate. Between the two passes a brook Sanglung descends S.E. to the Kyam-chu. From the second threshold the road follows a little brook called Angden-tur containing some water, although there is much less snow on the southern side of the pass than on the northern. From the N.W. enters the Angden-pu. At Yiblung, from the left, phyllitic schist stands in living rock. Shalma is the next valley. The bottoms of the valleys are more or less filled with ice from springs and swamps. The main valley, with the road, is very regular between its steep mountain sides and its breadth of about 10o m. Near Angden-do quartz-hornblende porphyry stands in living rock.
Finally, our valley joins the great valley of Kyam-chu coming down from Sha-la; it is some 1 o km broad and has interrupted snow-mountains at its left side. All the mountains around are of moderate height and only the northern slopes are snow-covered. Only the double peak Yamjo-gangri to the S. 5 2° W. seems to have eternal snow. From the junction of the Angden and Kyam it is said to be two days' journey to Sha-la, the great distance depending upon the fact that the Pabla range stretches to the E.N.E. and probably for some distance is nearly parallel to the upper course of the Kyam-chu. The Sha-la seems to be half-way between Chang-laPod-la and Angden-la. At the junction, the river, also called Kyam-chu-tsangpo, has, on the right hand a terrace 5 m high and carries about 11/2 cub. m a second. During the summer it is a large stream and in the rainy season it sometimes cannot be crossed. At the right side there is a double valley called Gabelung; Lungdung is a valley to the left. At Camp 156, Kyam, the height is 4 954 m. Ngangtsang is a left-hand promontory near the camp.
N. 82° W. from Kyam a considerable valley enters the Kyam-chu from the right side; its name is Umsog; through it a road, only used by hunters, is said to go to a difficult pass, beyond which the region is called Raga-takya, indicating that the pass is secondary and situated somewhere north of the upper reaches of the Raga-tsangpo. The country round Kyam is comparatively open. To the N. 25° E. is a high dark mountain giving rise to the valley Chagelung; N. 33° E. is Sanglung, a valley beyond which moderate, reddish mountains appear. To the N. 69° E. an isolated peak is visible, said to be situated just east of Sha-la. Tambe and Kintang are small snow-covered mountains to the east and E.S.E. Panglung is a peak visible to the S.S.W.
The valley opens out to a real plain with hard ground, a little gravel and some scarce grass; it slopes very gradually southwards to the Amchok-tso, and is called Amchok-tang; the river, which was frozen above Ngangtsang, was now open; the mountains to the west are rather low and here and there covered with snow which disappears during the early part of the summer; farther west, higher snow-mountains are visible through the opening of the valley Gaptra; they must belong to the Kanchung-gangri. Panglung-sumba is a depression west of the road, with springs. Pema-shenta is a double valley from the west, and Tsira another at the same side, where Ngingri is a conical top.
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