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and it Tarchok-parva; to the south two isolated hills, the nearest Tibo-tevo, the farthest Tasam-tevo, obviously passed by the high road; S.S.W. is Tarchok-tangbo; S. 41° W. an isolated hill, Chosang-tevo; to the right of it two valleys descend from the S.W., Chikelungi-teblung and Chikelung; to the N.W. is a mountainous region called Kichen-talung-changri, and N. 54° W. Semo-tandung. Amongst these mountains the Raga-tsangpo is formed by many tributaries.
Farther westwards the rise is very slow, over yellow earth with some grass and moss, but finally the plain forms into a determined valley receiving some now dry ravines from the partly snow-covered hills to the S.W. On the little pass, Ravakla, 5 227 m high, calcitic schist stands in living rock. From this pass which only separates two branches of the upper Raga-tsangpo from each other, the following names are pointed out: W.N.W. a region Kichung-sutuk; N. 48° W. the above-mentioned dark massive, Kichen-talung-changri, and, east of it, the valley of Ragachangshung with the northern source-branch of the Raga-tsangpo, which joins the Raga-hloshung a little above Camp i 6o. The two branches are separated from each other by rounded ridges of no great height, and, as far as can be made out, the Raga-changshung flows south of the black rugged range which is the western prolongation of the Nien-chen-tang-la, which we crossed in Sao-lungring-la, S.W. of Amchok-tso. To the S.W. is the pass Kichung-la, from which a brook runs down to Camp 163, 5 198 m high and called Kichung-sumno; to the N.E. are visible some parts of the Lombo range, which has its highest part to N. 39° E.; Tsopti is another part of it a little farther east, while still farther east the same range is called Raga-tangbo-pu, with several rather sharp snowy peaks and sending down to the Raga-tsangpo the northern tributaries we know from between Camps 16o and 159. To the N. 85° E. the valley of the Raga-tsangpo presents itself as a broad and well defined depression between these mountains; those to the south of the river are said to be called Taktse-jadang, and their culmination is seen to the S. 8o° E. The mountainous region south of Ravak-la is called Ravak-Chi-kelung, from which two of the tributaries mentioned descend to Raga-hloshung.
From Camp 163 the Kichung-sumo is seen running N.N.E.; its valley is
rather deep, and, in its prolongation, the Lombo range lifts some of its black pyramidal peaks. This region is one of the most complicated in Southern Tibet. It is easy to lay down and control everything in the immediate neighbourhood of the route, but as to the orography and hydrography at some distance one has a feeling of uncertainty. This is especially the case with the Lombo range. Only so much could be made out from the route between Camps 163 and 164 that the northern branch of Raga-tsangpo chiefly comes from the southern slopes of Lombo, and the southern branch of Raga-tsangpo chiefly from the northern slopes of Chomo-uchong.
The road goes steep up the Kichung valley to S.W. The slopes are mostly covered by detritus, dust and fine gravel of calcitic schist, here and there some grass and moss appear; there was (May 23rd) still a good deal of snow, and the ground
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