mountain is visible. Ling-chu is a broad valley between very low hills; the whole country is flat and undulating, only E.N.E. are the Jom hills again visible.
From the left or S.W. side only very small tributaries enter, some of them coming from a comparatively high rocky peak, Chung, not far away to the west. Kipchong is a very small valley full of ice. Kipshung and Shok-chu have well defined valleys, between low hills and coming from mount Chung. Several small valleys are named in common Ling-chu-tible, two of them having special names: Tiblekongma and Tible-ongma, the upper and lower Tible. This is the only part of the upper Targo-tsangpo that is touched by my road; it proves to receive quite a number of tributaries, all of them containing water even at the end of April. The joint river, the greatest of the affluents to Dangra-yum-tso, is therefore well fed, and must in summer be considerable.
Along the shores of the main river the grass grows in "vegetation cones", two feet high; the ground is sandy and there are great numbers of rabbit-holes. The vegetation belt along the river is sharply bounded, and outside of it the ground, consisting of gravel and sand, is nearly barren. There are erosion terraces, but low and rounded. The plain of Kyangdam becomes gradually narrower and is transformed into the well defined valley of Targo-tsangpo. Where Ponglok-jom enters, the breadth of the valley may be 11/2 km, and its bottom is, to the naked eye, just as level as a floor. In summer the river is said to be very broad and shallow, filling up a good deal of the valley. At Uktsang the right hand terrace is nearly I o m high. Below this place the bottom of the valley is more like a swamp with many frozen pools and branches from the river. At Lungchen one road leaves the Targotsangpo to its left. The valley is here directed to the W.S.W., and soon becomes narrow between black and steep, but low hills; it soon turns to the N.W. The passage is inconvenient for traffic owing to its being full of ice in winter and in summer full of water. The road therefore leaves the valley and takes to the hills N.E. of it.
From Lungchen the following observations were made. To the S.S.W. is a small valley, Tasang; to the S. 48° W. a snowy peak, Gipsung-tao; to the S. 65° W. the peak Chung or Chungmuk, also called Mukbo-chung; to the S. 78° W. we see the accentuated valley of the Targo-tsangpo, with many tributaries entering from both sides; to the W.S.W. is Gablung and to the west Kurtam, both small snowless peaks not far away. To the E.N.E. is the ridge of Jom. Leaving the Targo valley the road slowly ascends very flat undulating slopes with gravel of quartz-porphyry and calcedon and no sign of living rock.
From the Chumar-la is seen, to the S. 59° E., mount Mukbo-kekar, S. 37° E. Chombo, and S. 15° W., again, Mukbo-chung; N. 63° W. is the mountain Bumnak, N. 25° W. Shangbuk, and N. 5° W. Sepsep-la; N. 2° E. is a valley, Lung-sang. From Chumar-la the Bumnak-chu descends N.W.; it is a tributary to the Targo-tsangpo and reaches the main river in a roundabout way. On the left
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