down as far as Boghan-otak, though at other times it stops short higher up in kakir ground. From the outlet of the glen up to Camp No. 2, at an altitude of 3691 m., the surface rises almost due south, the glen winding however a little at times. On both sides it is shut in by rocky arms of the main range. This second camp was situated in an expansion, stated to be as broad as the glen was at our headquarters at Mandarlik. Just above the camp the glen was joined at approximately the same point by a large side-glen from the right as well as by another from the left. To the south-east some great snowy peaks were visible.
On 27th October the men continued farther up the glen, travelling south-southwest to the main crest of the Tschimen-tagh, and so reached the pass of Korumlukdavan at a distance of I o km. from camp. Halfway to the pass they crossed over a secondary col called Korumluku-jasisi (jasisi is stated to mean »level terraced grazing-ground surrounded by lofty mountains»). From that point the ascent to the main pass is quite perceptible, although regular, but the last portion, just under the pass, is steep. On the south side the declivity is however a good deal steeper, as well as thickly strewn with gravel and stones, and it is from this circumstance that the pass derives its name of Korumluk-davan, or the »Stony Pass». Here the aneroids indicated an absolute altitude of 4545 m. The temperature of the air was — 7° at noon; the wind blew hard from the south-west and the sky was half covered with clouds.
Descending by the transverse glen on the southern side of the Tschimentagh, they travelled 25 km. towards the south-south-west, south-west, and south as far as the broad, open latitudinal valley between the Tschimen-tagh and the Kalta-alaghan, and made their third camp in the middle of the valley, on the left bank of its stream, at an altitude of 3888 m. As from this point they proceeded to ascend the Kalta-alaghan directly, we see that the Ara-tagh, which south of Mandarlik we found to be interpolated between the two ranges just mentioned, melts away above, that is to the east of, Camp No. 3; the two latitudinal valleys which we noted on both sides of the Ara-tagh having united to form one, the Atatghan, the glen in which Möle-kojghan is situated, though farther west than the camp of the Cossacks. This is the same glen that we ascertained to pierce the Tschimen-tagh above Kara-tschoka and Ghaslik. The Cossacks' guide called this great latitudinal valley simply Kajir, a word which locally is synonymous with »latitudinal valley». At that point the glen comes down from the S. 8o° E. and proceeds farther towards the N. 70° E. Not far below their camp the valley is joined by the transverse glen of Tusluk-saj, issuing from the main range of the Kalta-alaghan.
Just above the camp was the outlet of the transverse glen of Kulan-mätschit; this they followed on the 28th October, travelling south-east, south, south-west, and south, until they reached the summit of the Kalta-alaghan. The lower part of this glen is broad and open, and on the east is bounded by hills. To the south-west, though at a great distance, vast mountain-masses were visible, belonging to the main range of the Kalta-alaghan. About halfway up to the principal pass they crossed over two small secondary passes; to the south of them the glen grows narrower, being fenced in by lofty walls of rock. After marching 33 km. they at length reached the principal pass, which the guide called Kalta-alaghan-davan. Its
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