passing Kyam, Ningri, Gaftsang, Salung-, Lung-ngun, Kungliza, and the pass. At all these places excepting the pass itself, there is some grazing. From the pass they reckoned seven days to Arport-tso. The brook coming down from Chang-lung-barma joins the one from Chang-lung yogma, and the joint brook is a left tributary to the Kograngsanspo, which, coming from high regions of the Kara-korum Mountains, flows from the N. W. to the S. E., and afterwards makes a very sharp bend to the south and west, continuing past Pamsal to Shayok. The brook from Lanek-la is a left tributary to the Kograng-sanspo. Tsoksalu is another name for the place of our camp ; Pamsal may properly be the name of the grazing-ground near the junction of the brook
from Spanglung.
During a day's rest at Pamsal the wind came from the west, but turned at 9 o'clock p. m. when it came from the east. At this place a traveller bound for Tibet sees for the last time for several months a real river, bush vegetation and enjoys warm, comparatively dense air. The desolate country of the high plateaux, and the hard, inhospitable climate is awaiting him.
From Pamsal to Gogra is a distance of 17.8 km. which was accomplished on August 2 8112. More than half of this road follows the Chang-chenmo River to the E. N. E. Then it crosses the pass, Mankook-la, 4,839 m. high, or a rise of 310 m. in a distance of 13 km., or 1 :40.6. From this pass one has 4.8 km. down to the Kograng-sanspo (the Ladakis pronounce tsangpo like sanspo) where the altitude is 4,740 m., meaning a fall of 99 m. or 1 :48.5. From the pass the direction becomes north and N. W.
From Pamsal the road follows the bank of the river on the lowest erosion terrace, and is very comfortable. The bottom of the Chang-chenmo valley has a gentle rise to the east. Lanek-la, being at a distance of 85 km. is 5,486 m. high, or 957 m. higher than our camp at Pamsal, which gives a gradual rise of 1:89. To the naked eye it seems nearly level. The whole bottom of the valley is covered with grey gravel of gneiss-granite chiefly, amongst which the river winds in some large and several small branches. The water is just as grey as the stony landscape around. The whole way the river forms rapids, and there are no quiet stretches where the river flows without noise in one bed. At the left side of the valley there are now two terraces visible, the upper about 5o, the lower about 1 o m. above the bottom of the valley. On the right side one discerns four terraces, the lowest and most recent one being only 2 or 3 m. high. The country is absolutely lifeless, containing no animals, neither wild nor tame and no signs of men. The road is, however, quite visible. At our place it goes, for a short distance, like a cornice, but then again sticks to the 1 o m. terrace. Sometimes we have the 5o m. terrace close at our right hand ; it looks very mighty, like walls of fortresses , but is at many places cut through by the brooks of tributary valleys.
IIIFカラー高解像度
