be seen, but abundant dung of wild yak and kyang proved that these animals are no rare guests in the valley.
Our valley is broad and its rise, imperceptible. It is altogether filled with this fine grey clay spoken of above. To the south, it is bordered by high snow-covered mountains. In this region no explorer had been before, as Bower travelled from Shemen-tso to Aru-Iso, and Rawling only crossed the valley farther east.
At the first spring the living rock had been greenish grey felspar-sandstone; at the second little slope we crossed, it was dark schist partly containing much mica. Pan. 4 I I A and B, Tab. 74, is drawn from Camp CCCXXV. To the N. 35° W., are some of the hills of the left side. To the north and N. E., are the considerable mountains of the right side of the valley. Between N. 35° W. and N. 4° W., the valley turns to the left or N. W. and goes slowly down to Shemen-Iso. To the east and S. 81° E., is the isolated mountain block standing between the two valleys. To the S. E. we see the continuation of the large valley by which we marched to Camp CCCXX VI, the next day. To the S. S. E. and south is another part of the range on the left or southern side of our valley. The panorama, therefore, shows that the latter is bounded by rather high ranges.
The march of February i oth, took us 7.9 km. S. E., and now the rise of the valley became more sensible, though still very gradual, or 4o m., as Camp CCCXX VI had an altitude of 4,941 m., the rate was thus I : 198. After a temperature of -2 2.4° in the night, the weather remained as fine, clear and calm as the days before. The characteristic features of the valley were the clay beds, the small hills and undulations of clay and the clay terraces. Grass and ice were abundant, and the landscape had not the wild, barren and desolate appearance which we were accustomed to. The valley becomes broader, and is as Rawling, who has crossed it meridionally, says, a real plain surrounded by mountains. But when he says that water is scanty, he must either have passed here in a very dry year, or crossed the valley on a line where water is not in sight. For, since the valley of Shayok, we had not come across so much water as here. It was even a little too much now, as we had constantly to cross ice-sheets, one of which was about I oo m. wide. Some I o or 12 springs were passed in this short distance, all of them with open water. One of them had grown like a kind of »ice-volcano», a conical mound of ice, from the »crater» of which the water streamed out. Having crossed the principal ice bed near Camp CCCXX V we had grassy steppe nearly the whole way. To the east, in our immediate vicinity, the isolated group mentioned above was left. From it several springs come down. The main bed of the valley with its ice, is to our right. From W. N. W., a large tributary valley opens out ; at its southern promontory the remains of a Tibetan camp were to be seen. Fuel was abundant, both vegetable and dung of wild yak and kyang. This place seemed to be more suitable
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