road used by many travellers, and especially by all the caravans to and from Ladak. From the point where the river again comes out to its narrow passage, which is -about 8 km. long, the valley of the Gartang slowly opens out and becomes broader. The erosion terraces are always well worked out. Old terraces are often seen at some distance from the river, rounded by wind and weather and pierced by tributaries. A larger valley from the left in which a road is said to proceed to a pass called Laling-g'urtsak, is called Chumbo. Near its mouth is a little lake or pool, called Czuinbo-/so, where the height is 4,382 m.; it seems to be formed by springs and it has an affluent in two branches. This part of the extensive valley has the name Samda-kong. The mountains on the left side are now steeper than those on the right. Two manis of stone are passed. A grass steppe with some bushes is called Namru, and Steinkar is a large tributary valley from the left with a mighty dark mass, partly snow-covered, in the background. It is a part of the Ladak Range and has the province of Claumurti, on its S. W. side. At the left side of the Sizinkar bed, there is a double terrace, at least 5o m. high. The floor of the main valley is not plane but slightly undulated, the material consisting of pebbles and shingle, deposited at an early period between the ranges to the right and left.
Here the hot springs, simply called Chusan, are passed. The first one comes directly up from the even ground on the left bank of the river and 2 or 3 m. above its surface. The ground is white and slightly convex. The next is a basin from the bottom of which several hot springs are bubbling up, the temperature of the water being 6o.5°. Another small spring contains boiling water. The bubbling of the water here resembled a geyser, for the water gushed up about once a minute and during the intervals remained more quiet. A similar boiling spring was protected by a stone wall. From the different springs small canals had been cut in the ground conducting the water to a basin surrounded with a stone wall and used as a bath, which is supposed to heal sickness. Another ring-wall serves as a dressing room. Two or three manis with poles and rags indicate a certain religious importance of
the place.
A short distance beyond the hot springs, the second branch from Chumbo-tso joins the Gartang and gives it a comparatively large tribute. The Gartang River had carried some ice during the early hours, but at noon the latter had again disappeared. Finally the road again goes up on the top of the steep terrace where the hard ground partly consists of gravel and is barren. At Luma-ngoma, we have our Camp CCLIII on the narrow steppe along the left side of the river. A little panorama, 353, Tab. 63, shows the appearance of the valley to the N. W. and north, the considerable terraces and the decreasing height of this part of the Transhimalaya, its accentuated sculpture, and the wide fans at the mouths of its trans-
verse valleys.
IIIFカラー高解像度
