of it is an insignificant depression called Chipcha - nangmo. Our Tibetans told us that a summer road is crossing this region, which, however, on account of the scarcity of water, is never visited in the winter. The hills immediately south of the pass are called Chakchom-maro. At a greater distance in the same direction, there is a region called Singdo-pung may. A depression to the S. S. W., not far away, was called Taka-marmo. To the S. I I° W., there is a comparatively high mount called Singdo-rene. To the W. S. W., there are hills of a yellow colour, said to be known under the name of Raddu-/seka.
Dung-/sa-/so with its surrounding mountains presents a fascinating picture. Between S. 37° E. and S. i7° E. it is visible on the panorama. The slope down from the pass on its southern side is unusually steep, so much so that one prefers to walk on foot. Such steep gradients are rare in this flat plateau-land and met with only at the sides of high passes. All the way up the soil is perfectly rotten from rabbits' holes. The descent afterwards becomes more gradual , and we cross rounded undulations and protuberances of the ground between shallow, dry watercourses. In the open parts of this trough, kyangs were grazing. Finally we have to traverse a little ridge, rather steep and taking one hour to cross. At its southern side there is a valley with a brook going to the Dung/sa-/so. Camp LXIV was pitched at the left side of this brook which is fed from springs. The grass was very good all around. Our Tibetans said that such good grass would not be found anywhere on our road to Bog/sang -/sangpo, and they advised us to spend a day here, especially for the sake of the yaks. They showed us where we had to march the next day between Nggemba-dung/sa and Ciipcha-karmno, where the country seemed to be fairly open.
The next day's march, on November 19/h, took us 10.3 km. to the S. S. E., whilst the ground sloped from 5,042 to 4,914 m. , or 128 m. , being the same as I : 80. It may seem surprising that I contented myself with such short marches, but the reason was the enormous absolute altitude, which is fatiguing both for men and animals, and which makes it necessary to spare the forces of the latter so far as possible. And, after all, the principal thing on such a journey straight across Tibet is not simply to cross it as quickly as possible, but to get acquainted with and see as much as possible of the country and to insure its success by slow marches. I even regard it as a great advantage to pitch my camps rather near to each other. The greater the number of camps is on a diagonal crossing, the greater becomes the number of absolute altitudes determined, meteorological and other observations and of panoramas. One gets an opportunity to digest more thoroughly all the extraordinary impressions and experiences one meets on the journey, and the general result becomes more full and rich.
From Camp LXIV we cross the ice-band from the springs and follow the foot of the western hills in a south-easterly direction, having the northern shore-plain of
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