326 TO THE FRONTIER OF BRITISH INDIA.
where it sinks to the Chuvang--chung valley, the brook of which joins a larger brook called Gyäsovang-. From the latter our road ascends to the little pass, Piang-la, 4,790 m. high. The way down from this pass crosses a series of hills and ravines, and has small ridges to its left. To its right is the river, Tokchen-chu, flowing to the N. N. E. This valley and its brook come chiefly out of a considerable range N. W. of our route, which seems to stretch to the W. N. W. , and has some snow on its higher peaks. This range has a large number of transverse valleys with brooks and grass and directed to the Tokchen-chu. In the Lungun valley were 4 poor tents, a brook and some grass. Just here the valley Närib-ke coming from the S. W., joins our valley. The rock consisted of black, brittle limestone.
On August 241h, we travelled 17.2 km. S. W. The first 7.6 km. took us up to the pass, Dung-mar-la, 4,858 m. high or 105 m. above Camp CCCCLXXX, giving a rise of 1 :72. From this pass we had 9.6 km. to Camp CCCCLXXXI where the altitude was only 3,778 m. or 1,080 m. below Dungmar-la. Here the rate of fall is 1:8.9. In the night the minimum temperature was —2.8°, the last temperature below freezing point on the journey, the next minimum being +8.9°.
At Lungun there was a little nomad village with yaks and sheep. Leaving it we ascended the terrace and then had slowly rising undulated ground with shallow erosion beds. Immediately to our right is the brook, Närib-ke, and beyond it, to the west the pass, Kongkong-la, belonging to the above - mentioned partly snow-covered range, which reminded me very much of the Surla Range in the Transhimalaya. A part of this range is seen on Pan. 552, Tab. 105, taken from Dungmar-la and is the last in my collection of panoramas.
The pass, Dung-mar-la, is as flat as a plateau. It is adorned with a cairn with poles, rags and yaks' horns, everything painted intensely red. A mani with very well inscribed stones, starts from the cairn to the S. W. The view is beautiful. To the south and S. W. we see the range which we have to cross in Shipki-la, and just north of it, is the wild, deep - cut furrow of the Sallej. To the west is a considerable valley with snow mountains in its background, and surrounded with grey,
wild and rocky peaks, pyramids and pinnacles. From this valley a considerable tributary to the Sallej comes out and turns south. Its name is Tomlang- tsangpo. On our route, Dungmar-la is a very important point as it may be said to mark the boundary between a country which still had a good deal of the Chang-tang character, whilst to the S. W., the morphology of the peripheric country exclusively, is pronounced. The pass also seems to be a boundary between the nomads to the N. E. and the chiefly agricultural villages to the S. W.
The district S. W. of the pass was called Tagha. We cross it from the pass; the slope down to Tomlang-tsangpo, is very steep. The ground is gravel, sand or fine dust, with some scanty vegetation. Shing-chig-ma is the name of a part of the
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