ROUTES OF DE RHINS, BOWER, WELLBY, DEASY, RAWLING, ZUGMAYER AND CAREY.
route, crossing a series of dry watercourses all going down to the plain and to the narrow valley directed to the N. W. The largest of them comes from E. S. E. and is rather deep-cut. It is impossible to tell in what direction the ground falls. Still somewhere a very flat threshold is crossed, for farther south, the watercourses go S. W. The soil is sand and fine gravel with some of the common plants and very scanty grass. Having passed a promontory on our right, a new latitudinal valley becomes visible, and in it, to the S. S. W., is a lake which seems to be small and round, and is frozen only along its shores. This may be the Tsaga-tso or Su/ntsiIso, along which have travelled Dutreuil de Rhins in 1892, Bower in 1891-92, Wellby in 1896, Deasy in 1896, Rawling in 1903 and Zugmayer in 1906. It seems also to be identical with the one along the eastern shore of which Carey travelled in 1886. According to the map in 1 : 1 000 000 constructed and drawn by Colonel Byström and accompanying this work, the routes of all the mentioned explorers form a network on the shores of this lake, and between it and the Arporttso. To me it was important to leave this comparatively well-known country as soon as possible. However, my goal was the central parts of Transhimalaya, and I had to accomplish this long roundabout way from the north, to escape the attention of the Tibetans. From our camp, only a part of the lake was visible, as shown on Pan. 398, Tab. 71, where we have it to the south and S. S. W. The same landscape is represented in water colour on one of the accompanying plates. The living rock was yellowish sandstone near the flat threshold, dark red weathered limestone just north of Camp CCCIX, and light grey dense limestone at the same camp. The water of the lake proved to be very salt and had a temperature of —1.4° at noon.
In a valley from the east and joining other watercourses around the camp, the grass was good, and fuel plentiful. The snow gave us the necessary supply of water. Since Camp CCCII, we had not come across any running water. It is, therefore, necessary to have a rest every fourth day as it takes a long time to melt a sufficient amount of snow for the 28 caravan animals which remained since 12 had fallen. During the three marching days, the ponies and mules must satisfy themselves with eating snow. On the 2 ist of 7anuary, a strong S. W. wind was blowing after a night of —23.3°.
On 7anuary 22nd, we travelled 12 km. E. S. E. The altitude remained about the same, as Camp CCCIX had a height of 5,242 m. and Camp CCCX 5,244 m. At a point on the road, the instruments gave 5,25o m. The minimum temperature was —23.4°. Going down a bit along the watercourse of the camp, and crossing other watercourses joining it, we now came in sight of the whole lake which had the most brilliant blue colour and was surrounded by barren, desolate shores. It is now obvious that the lake is oblong from east to west, and occupies the midst
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