and fragments of old, nearly buried, ranges, the relief of the country in the direction of our route became more alternating from a hypsometrical point of view. For all these extended or short ranges which, as a rule, are stretching more or less from west to east, have to be crossed in small, flat passes or thresholds, and sometimes in more considerable passes. Such was the case on October i ith when we made 17.3 km. to the S. E. Hitherto we have spoken of a regular rise or fall of the ground. From Carnp X to Camp XI V, for instance, the ground was rising gradually, but so slowly that it could not be noticed with the naked eye. From Camp XXVIII to Camp XXXII the ground was falling with the same regularity and with the appearance of being quite level. The distance between the two last-mentioned camps is 6o km., and the difference in height between them, 26o m. The average fall of the ground is here as i :231. From Camp XXXV, on the other hand, which is at 5,033 m., we need only to march 6 km. E. S. E. to reach a height of 5,253 m. or a rise of 2 20 m., which is as 1;27 or nearly ten times as steep as in the former case. The heights (5,033, 5,253, 5,034, 5,055 and 4,978 m.) of a single day's march, or that from Camp XXXV to Camp XXXVI on Oct. i itlt, give one an idea of wandering up and down more than hitherto. It is easy to see that we have crossed the range or system of ranges which, on the south, is bounding the long latitudinal valley we had followed for so many days. The greatest vertical amplitude during the day's march is thus 275 m. and the distance in all is 17.3 km.
The country is a labyrinth of rounded hills of soft material, partly red, partly greyish green dust in a much comminuted state of division. The ground is very barren and there is no grass. The erosion furrows are fairly deep-cut and their bottom is full of gravel. The hard rock is dark greyish green calcareous sandstone; the dust, sand and gravel is detritus of the same prevailing material. Where the hills consist of red clay they would be very difficult to climb after rains and the animals would then sink deep in this ground which now is dry and comfortable. The only vegetation now occasionally visible is moss. Our direction is now E. S. E. following a valley which comes from a pass. From Camp XXXIV the pass and the whole range to which it belongs had seemed to be very low, and still it took us two hours from Camp XXXV to reach its flat saddle with the height of 5,253 m. Its form was very comfortable and easy, though at this height all rising ground is extremely fatiguing for the animals. On the pass the loose gravel consisted of yellowish white limestone-breccia and the living rock was light red calcareous sandstone.
Pan. 49, Tab. 8, shows the relief of the surroundings of this pass. To the N. E., north, west and S. W. are the rounded cupola-shaped hills which are the culminating points of the little range we are just crossing. To the south and S. E. are the southern slopes of the same. To the E. N. E., east and E. S. E. the view is quite open for some 6 or 7 days' march or more. The eastern horizon forms a
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