sides, innumerable ravines enter, being only about one foot broad, 2 or 3 feet deep and vertically cut down in the loess ground. Often they appear in whole systems close to one another. Their edges are softened by the rain and gave way under the weight of the horses. The valley is narrow, sometimes like a gorge, where one has to march in the muddy bed itself. Sometimes it is broader. Here and there the ground consists of fine gravel or coarse sand. The height of the hills to our sides, decreases. At some places solid schist crops out at their base. Finally the valley turns N. W. and in its background, higher, rounded hills appear. At a spring
and some grass and bushes, we made Camp CCCCLXXIII. Pan. 55o, Tab. 105, is a view to the N. 50° W. from this place. The living rock in our valley consisted of greyish black schistose limestone.
On August 17th, we marched 20.3 km. N. N. W. and N. W. In the firs 1.3 km., we rise 191 m. or to 4,276 m., a rate of i : 6.8. In the whole distance to Camp CCCCLXXIV the rise is 109 m. or I :186. The short distance up to thet edge or threshold with the usual cairn, the valley has the same appearance as before, between its walls of loose material , and with small tributary valleys entering from the sides. Reaching the very head of the valley, the landscape changes its appearance at once and completely. The canon character with vertical lines comes to an end, and slowly rising, slightly undulated forms begin; the landscape becomes open, the ground consists of hard, fine gravel, and there is high, though scarce, grass. Several ravines and shallow beds are crossed. The name of the region is said to be Kalingtang. To our right is a mount with three peaks. The road is readily visible as two or three paths on the ground, and here and there are cairns or small minis. From a dominating height with a larger cairn, we have a far-reaching view to the N. W. across innumerable canon valleys, of all dimensions down to the smallest ramifications and insignificant beds. To the west and N. E., snow-covered mountains are in sight. The last part of the day's march took us through one of these canon valleys with nearly vertical formations of loess and pebble and shingle at the side. This valley joins as a left tributary, the larger Shang-dse valley which comes from N. 5 5° E. and goes S. 2 5° W. so far as can be seen.
On the left side, the ground is swampy and there are barley fields and the village, Shangdse, of some 5o common Tibetan mud and stone huts. The Arm/5a of the same name is situated on the right side, perhaps wo m. above the valley.
On August 18th, we marched i 3.5 km. N. W. The end point is situated 28 m. below the starting point, the former being at 4,166 m., viz. Camp CCCCLXXV. But before reaching this camp, we have to ascend a point at 4,486 m., or 32o m. higher. From this point to the camp, 3.3 km., the descent is, therefore, as I : 10.3. Leaving the village to our right, we cross the river which now had the following dimensions breadth 17 m., average depth 0.3 m., velocity about 1 m., and volume, approximately
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