IN THE GARTANG VALLEY. 1[83
there we find some bush vegetation with small earth cones kept together by the roots and occasionally with some sand accumulated at their lee side. Hares are numerous. The winding river is immediately to our right. Sometimes the terrace is broken through by ravines, formed by watercourses from the I_aadak Range. The valleys are short, but deep-cut, and have, as a rule, flat fans at their mouths. On the Transhimalayan side we have, after Gältse, a comparatively flat group with small transverse valleys.
The valley now becomes more and more narrow and at both sides the mountains are near. The different branches of the Gay-tang join in one bed. The stream is slow, the water perfectly clear and fish are abundant. The bed is gravelly. The colour of the mountains is pink and brownish. Just at the entrance of a very narrow défilé, Camp CCLII, Nima-lung, was pitched. The gorge is winding between terraces some 20 m. high, and here the river forms rapids among blocks and boulders. Of the Transhimalayan or right side of the valley, Pan. 354, Tab. 63, is made. It shows, to the N. 1[7° W., the narrow gorge between its high terraces, and a rather solid mass to the north and N. E. To the S. E., is the open valley in the direction from which we have arrived.
On October 21st, we continued in the same direction for 18.3 km. to Camp CCLIII, where the altitude is 4,372 m. or 5o m. below the previous camp, giving a fall at the rate as 1[: 366.
Leaving ' ima-lung, a place known for its numerous wolves, but still used as a camping place as could be seen from the remains of many camps, we slowly ascend small valleys and ravines, with some gravel of granite and gneiss, and lose sight of the river and its narrow passage. In the gorge, sedimentary schist cropped out, otherwise we did not pass any living rock the whole day, as the G arlang- had worked its bed down through pebbles and shingle, sand and clay. From the left, opens a tributary called Nima-lungj5o. A little side valley, parallel to the main valley but sloping in the opposite direction, takes us up to the flat and open threshold, Chag ring -la, 4,534 m. high, adorned with a cairn and a pole with rags and mani-streamers. To the north the hills fall slowly down to the river, the gorge of which is visible at a distance. No snow-covered peaks are in sight. To the S. E., in the direction of 7erko-la, distant mountains still rise above the horizon. Continuing our journey, we pass a second mani cairn and descend a very steep ravine between nearly perpendicular side-walls of pebbles and shingle and leading out to the tributary valley, Chagring-Tong, which after a while joins the Gartang valley in a little plain covered with grass.
From here the road follows the river, which is immediately to our right. It very often forms small rapids. The road is very good, and the quantity of gravel insignificant. It is very comfortable for riding. One sees that it is an important
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