Opposite the Kadsung gorge from the right side, our road crosses the Chang-chenmo River which at this place was divided into four considerable branches and seemed to carry more water than the day before. Just east of the Kadsung- valley, the road ascends the terraces in very steep and sharp zig-zags, and finally reaches the little secondary pass Mankook-la, 4,839 m. high. Here the living rock is a dense, greyish white limestone. Panorama 9, Tab. 2, only gives an idea of the view to the S. S. W. and S. W. from this pass. It shows the high mountain ridges at the southern side of the Chang-clienino valley. Only a few minutes away, north of the pass, a rather surprising and picturesque view is opening in front of us : deep below us we see the valley of Kograng-sanspo proper with all the general characteristics of the Chang-chenmo at Pailasal, the same grey and comparatively broad bottom of the valley and the same river divided into arms. To the east is a world of rounded mountains of brownish and reddish colours and without snow. Our road goes down the steep slopes and then keeps on the tops of erosion terraces. Here the living rock is brownish schist containing quartz. Seeing this part of the valley is sufficient to convince one that it is the upper part of the Chang-chenmo. This is also the opinion of the Ladakis.
Gogra is the name of the place where the camp was pitched at a height of 4,74o m. It is situated at the triangular opening between the bulky, brownish red mountains, where the considerable brook from the Chang -lung-barma receives its tributary from Chang-lung yog-ma. These two brooks form the Kograng-sanspo, alias Chang-chenmo River. Where they meet, there is some tolerable grazing for the animals. The panorama (8A and 8B, Tab. 2) taken from Gogra, gives a clearer idea both of the situation and of the morphology than any descriptions in words, and it should, as usual, be compared with the map (Pl. 1). From the camp at Gogra we look into the openings of three deep-cut valleys, namely up into the Chang-lung-barma to the N. W., up into the Chang-lung yogma to the N. N. E., and down the Kograngsanspo to the S. E. All these valleys are readily visible on the panorama together with the mighty mountain groups surrounding them in all directions. One gets also the impression of being still in the peripheric regions with their more energetic erosive activity, their deep-cut valleys, and their still very considerable relative altitudes. Only a few days later we should find, on the plateau-lands of northern Tibet, how everything opens up, as it were, and how the horizontal lines become paramount. To the N. 3° W. we see the mountain group which separates the two Chang-lung valleys, and which is the southern-most end of a very bulky ramification from the water-parting protuberance of the Kara-korurn System. To the S. W. we get a glimpse of a deep and narrow gorge ; E. S. E. is the broad valley leading to Lanek-la, situated between the two peaks marked N. 78° E. and S. 78° E. In the S. E. we see a little of the course of the Kograng River turning south and west. In the foreground to the
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