BETWEEN THE LADAK RANGE AND THE TR ANSI IIMALAYA. 187
In the night the temperature was at —23.2°. The weather remained beautiful and there was no wind at all. From Chiu a few names were pointed out. To the
ka N. 70° E., was a more considerable transverse valley, Tele-rakpa, visible on the
panorama from Gar-gunsa, and leading to the pass of the same name which is said to be N. 35° E. from Chiu. Pele-rakpa may be the correct form. The mountains around it are yellowish. Directly beyond it is Lang-chu. To the S. 73° W. is a
ti small transverse valley in the Ladak Range, called Lounç by some', Lungun by
others. Due south of Chiu is the valley Arko, and to the west the valley Seata. Of course there are innumerable valleys, and probably most of them have their appellations.
Our road again leaves the belt of vegetation and the river, and approaches the left base of mountains where the ground consists of gravel, coarse sand and small boulders and blocks, mostly granite. Here again a little mani is built. The brook, Loung-chu, from springs was completely frozen. The road then turns to the north, avoiding a very extensive scree, after which the soil consists of sand and fine material, with some gravel here and there. Between the fans from both sides the level ground of the valley is very broad and open. The river sticks to the right side. Tama-kera is a valley to the left, Belung and Lungpe-ringôo are the next. Tigul-la or Tiju-la is a larger valley to the left with a road over the pass, Tigul-la, by which Chumurtz, or Chumoding, as they said, is reached in three or four days. This pass seems to be of considerable height. Gamun-gele just west of this valley is a more dominating mountain. To the right is Chumik, a little valley with a spring. Farther N. W. on the same side, is the valley Pelung, and the mountain Dung-ri. We cross a surface which during the summer is under water. Here the soil is grey clay and sometimes sand. The river, Gartang, is again visible to our right. It seems broad and large, which obviously is due to the inundations caused by the freezing. The road goes on the top of the terraces, from which one has a good view of the bed. Sometimes we nearly touch the edge of the fans, from the small valleys and gorges to our left. The fans of the left side are much larger than those of the right. This is due to the fact that the Ladak Range is mightier and higher, so that greater amounts of detritus and débris are brought down by its watercourses, and also to the fact that this range is more exposed to the precipitation than the Ti-anshimalaya. A very considerable part of the floor of the valley is, therefore, occupied by the fans on the left side. This is also the reason why the river here has a tendency to approach the right side of the valley. From the top of one of these fans, one has a brilliant view to the N. W. One sees in light blue tints, the distant mountains far beyond Demchok and the political frontier of Tibet. At no great distance, the mouth of the valley is seen, by which the Singi-kamba or Indus comes out after having broken
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