alluvial surfaces of fine dust brought down by rainwater. Our march goes towards the eastern promontory of a little mountain group with small peaks and gorges. We cross some erosion furrows directed to the W. N. W., probably those that were crossed again higher up where they ran to the N. N. W. The ascent of the ground is quite visible though gradual and slow. Farther on, a deep-cut dry bed was passed, receiving tributaries from the S. W. In it there was a Tibetan tent with two big yellow dogs; the inhabitants did not show themselves. To the N. 7o° E. a mount is rising higher than usual and with some snow on the top. From the southern mountains several dry beds come down all joining by and by and probably going to the region just west of Camp LXXV where the lowest part of the depression seems to be situated. In one of these beds, which was shallow but had erosion terraces, we pitched Carp LXXVI at a place where ice was to be had in the bed. From this point we had a good view of the whole arena valley, and could now see the opening of the Bogar yung valley with its extensive ice-sheets. To the south only low mountains became visible, and the bordering pass of the great depression seemed to be far away still. The grass was bad, not to be compared with that which we had had far to the north. No wild animals had been seen, only dung of kyangs.
On December 2nd we made 13.3 km. to the S. S. W., disregarding a bend to the east due to my losing the track of the caravan. The ground still ascended gradually to 4,891 m. or 218 m., being a rate of 1:61. We follow the bed, in which Cam1Zp LXXV I is pitched to the S. E., and reach open ground where the hard soil is crossed by innumerable tracks in all directions. Rabbits' holes again pierce the ground nearly everywhere. At the point where we turned from S. E. to S. W. the ground seemed to fall eastwards; we had thus passed a little flat threshold without being aware of it. Here the height was 4,743 m. Pan. 86A and 86B, Tab. 14, was sketched. It shows flat rolling hills to the N. E., somewhat higher hills to the east and S. E., a mountain range with pyramidal peaks to the south and S. W., in which the pass bordering the large depression was to be found, and to the west very open country. We were, therefore, again crossing a latitudinal valley stretching east and west.
From this point we ride across the plain and its several erosion beds and enter a larger valley to the south. Near a fresh-water spring, Camp LXXVII was pitched. Here two well-dressed Tibetans made their appearance and told us they belonged to the caravan of pilgrims mentioned before. They sold us six large yaks, which was quite a necessary assistance as only 18 of our own animals now were left. All our luggage was now carried by yaks. A Tibetan who had accompanied our caravan during the day's march gave us the following names: Tsero-labrak was the place a few miles S. W. of Camp LXXVI where the informant had his home, and where a few black tents now dwell. Chu - minyung was the name
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