478 EXPLORERS' JOURNEYS IN HIGH TIBET.
In May 1868 Hayward started from Leh and at Schahidulla met Shaw. The former explored the sources of the Jarkent-darja and investigated the upper course of the river. Then via Karghalik, Jarkent, and Jangi-hissar he made his way to Kaschgar, the position of which he determined astronomically. Through his journey it became possible to conjoin the Russians' explorations in the north with those of the Englishmen in the south. He concluded his journey in 1869, and was mur-
dered in the year following.
In 1870 Forsyth undertook a politico-commercial journey from Leh to Jarkent in the company of Shaw. Forsyth's second expedition to East Turkestan falls in the years 1873-74, when he led the big commercial mission to Jakub Bek. Their route lay through Leh, Schahidulla, Sandschu, Karghalik, and Jarkent, and so to Kaschgar. During the course of the expedition the members of it made excursions in various directions. The first of these was to Artisch and Ordan Pad-schah. In December 1873, Gordon, Stoliczka, and Trotter travelled across the Tienschan to the Tschatir-kul, and at the same time Captain Biddulph journeyed to Maral-baschi. In February 1874 Forsyth made an excursion with Bellew, Chapman, Trotter, and Stoliczka in the Artisch district, and from there the two last-named made their way to Utsch-turfan. In March 1874 Gordon, Biddulph, Trotter, and Stoliczka proceeded over Pamir to Wachan ; and finally the Pundit Kishen Singh returned, as I have already stated above, through the Polu defile to India. The journeys to East Turkestan of that enterprising and able commercial pioneer, Andrew Dalgleish, were possessed rather of trade interest. In the year 1882 he led a caravan to Jarkent and spent ten months in East Turkestan, Two years later he undertook a fresh trading expedition to Jarkent, and in 1885-86 he took part in Carey's circuit of Central Asia, compiling at the same time a map of the journey. And it was whilst on his way to Jarkent again that he was murdered in the year 1888 at the Kara-korum pass, as related above (pp. 417-418).
Younghusband's great journey across Asia belongs to the year 1886, and in the course of it he too crossed the highlands between Pamir and Western Tibet, where his route lay west of those of which I have just been speaking.
Since the period which I have thus briefly dwelt upon Western Tibet, Pamir, and the mountainous country between the two has been relatively well explored. Just as the establishment of a Russian consulate in Kaschgar gave rise to a fairly accurate investigation of the inhabited parts of East Turkestan, so the settlement of an Anglo-Indian political agent in the same town led to several journeys of a more or less scientific character being undertaken between India and East Turkestan ; and then also the inclusion of Kandschut and Gilgit within the English protected area likewise gave occasion to an accurate mapping of the adjacent regions. This part of the highlands is therefore now fairly well known. On an itinerary map of Tibet the various travellers' routes would all run together in a compact faggot near the extreme west of the country, but would become increasingly less numerous, that is they would run at greater and greater distances from one another, the farther you proceed east, where there still exist extensive patches of white on the map of Tibet. In the extreme east the routes would again fall closer together. From such a map we should be able to deduce certain conclusions with regard to the country's practicability or relative
IIIF Color HighRes
